Evaluation of Cell Viability and Functionality in Vessel-like Bioprintable Cell-Laden Tubular Channels

Abstract

Organ printing is a novel concept recently introduced in developing artificial threedimensional organs to bridge the gap between transplantation needs and organ shortage. One of the major challenges is inclusion of blood-vessellike channels between layers to support cell viability, postprinting functionality in terms of nutrient transport, and waste removal. In this research, we developed a novel and effective method to print tubular channels encapsulating cells in alginate to mimic the natural vascular system. An experimental investigation into the influence on cartilage progenitor cell (CPCs) survival, and the function of printing parameters during and after the printing process were presented. CPC functionality was evaluated by checking tissue-specific genetic marker expression and extracellular matrix production. Our results demonstrated the capability of direct fabrication of cell-laden tubular channels by our newly designed coaxial nozzle assembly and revealed that the bioprinting process could induce quantifiable cell death due to changes in dispensing pressure, coaxial nozzle geometry, and biomaterial concentration. Cells were able to recover during incubation, as well as to undergo differentiation with high-level cartilage-associated gene expression. These findings may not only help optimize our system but also can be applied to biomanufacturing of 3D functional cellular tissue engineering constructs for various organ systems.

Core–shell designed scaffolds for drug delivery and tissue engineering

“…The design principle is the same as the microfiber hydrogels except for the lack of a core solution [29,30].…”

Coaxial nozzle-assisted 3D bioprinting with built-in microchannels for nutrients delivery

“…To enhance mechanical properties, they presented a fabrication process in which conduits were reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [38]. They demonstrated that the bioprinting process could induce quantifiable cell death and that cells were able to recover and undergo differentiation with high-level cartilage-associated gene expression [39]. In another report, they designed a multi-arm bioprinter with two nozzles mounted on independent arms to concurrently print a filament structure and deposit cell spheroids between the filaments to create a hybrid structure to support the cell spheroids in three dimensions [40].…”

Novel Uses for Three-Dimensional Printing in Congenital Heart Disease

“…Current work in bioprinting using hyaluronan hydrogels and tubular channels encapsulating cells in alginate has accomplished the fabrication of biologically functional blood vessels [36]. Another group has implemented 3D bioprinting to fabricate living alginate/gelatin hydrogel valve conduits with anatomical architecture [37].…”