Evaluation of Bromate Ions Level Introduced by Sodium Hypochlorite During Post-disinfection of Drinking Water

Bouland, S.; Duguet, J.P.; Montiel, A.

doi:10.1080/09593332608618572

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Bromate, another disinfection byproduct, is found in some finished drinking waters as the result of ozonation disinfection processes [31]. Bromate in drinking water primarily is associated with the ozonation of water containing bromide and also has been reported as a contaminant in hypochlorite used for disinfection [32]. Bromate has been reported to be a carcinogen in mammalian studies [33] and there is significant interest in understanding bromate kinetics in blood [34,35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perchlorate assessment of the Nakdong and Yeongsan watersheds, Republic of Korea

Quiñones

Vanderford

et al. 2007

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The objective of the present study was to conduct a preliminary assessment for perchlorate in surface water, drinking water, and wastewater treatment plant effluent samples obtained from the Nakdong and Yeongsan watersheds in the Republic of Korea. Samples were analyzed for perchlorate using ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection (IC-CD) and/or liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS). Method reporting limits were 5.0 microg/L for IC-CD and 0.05 microg/L for LC-MS/MS analysis. At perchlorate levels above 5.0 microg/L, IC-CD and LC-MS/MS provided comparable results. The levels of perchlorate detected in the samples procured from the Yeongsan watershed were < 5.0 microg/L in each case. However, Nakdong watershed samples contained perchlorate at levels up to 60 microg/L. The highest concentrations of perchlorate were found in surface water samples, although drinking water contained perchlorate at concentrations up to 35 microg/L. In a subset of samples analyzed by LC-MS/MS, chlorate and bromate also were detected at concentrations ranging from < 0.10 to 44 microg/L and < 0.10 to 2.6 microg/L, respectively. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first perchlorate assessment reported for water sources in the Republic of Korea.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perchlorate assessment of the Nakdong and Yeongsan watersheds, Republic of Korea

Quiñones

Vanderford

et al. 2007

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Studies show that increased formation of brominated THMs occurs in chlorinated bromide rich waters (Hua et al, 2006;Ged & Boyer, 2014). Another factor associated with increased amount of brominated DBPs in swimming pool water is the use of sodium hypochlorite for water disinfection if the brine solution used for the production contain bromide ions (Bouland et al, 2005). The brominated THMs are in general more genotoxic and mutagenic compared to their chlorinated analogues (Kogevinas, 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of trihalomethanes in the air of two indoor swimming pool facilities using different type of chlorination and different types of water

et al. 2017

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Certain aspects of the distribution of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the air of indoor swimming pools, the exposure of the users, and possible health effects have not been well documented. To determine the distribution of trihalomethanes (THM), measurements were performed at 0.05 m, 0.60 m and 1.50 m above the water surface. These heights were chosen to measure the exposure in the breathing zone of the users. Air samples were collected from two indoor swimming pool facilities in Norway. Facility 1 uses calcium hypochlorite and facility 2 uses sodium hypochlorite for water treatment. In facility 2, one of the swimming pools is filled with 33% seawater, while the other pools in this study were filled with freshwater. Higher values were measured at 0.05 m compared to 1.50 m. Negligible differences between the measurements at 0.60 m and 1.50 m above floor levels were obtained. In average, 282% higher concentrations of total THM (tTHM) were measured in facility 2. Different disinfection products and ventilation concepts are possible explanations. Swimmers are exposed to higher concentrations compared to users by the poolside. For future studies, it is crucial to measure as close to the water surface as possible.

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“…Despite differences in the original form of chlorine, the disinfection and chemical reaction characteristics of NaClO and Ca(ClO) 2 are generally similar to those of gaseous chlorine (Bryant et al 1992). A number of studies have shown significant levels of bromate in both hypochlorite feedstocks and treated waters in different countries-including the United Kingdom (Packham 1999), United States (Weinberg et al 2003), France (Bouland et al 2005), Japan (Asami et al 2009), andSpain (GarciaVillanova et al 2010)-using the hypochlorination disinfection method. In the Philippines, bromate was initially found at concentrations between 17 and 411 lg l -1 in tap drinking water samples using a simple ultraviolet (UV)-Vis spectrophotometric method (Espino and Cimatu 2003).…”

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confidence: 98%

Occurrence and Sources of Bromate in Chlorinated Tap Drinking Water in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines

Genuino

Espino

2011

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Significant levels of potentially carcinogenic bromate were measured in chlorinated tap drinking water in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines, using an optimized ion-chromatographic method. This method can quantify bromate in water down to 4.5 μg l⁻¹ by employing a postcolumn reaction with acidic fuchsin and subsequent spectrophotometric detection. The concentration of bromate in tap drinking water samples collected from 21 locations in cities and municipalities within the 9-month study period ranged from 7 to 138 μg l⁻¹. The average bromate concentration of all tap drinking water samples was 66 μg l⁻¹ (n = 567), almost seven times greater than the current regulatory limit in the country. The levels of bromate in other water types were also determined to identify the sources of bromate found in the distribution lines and to further uncover contaminated sites. The concentration of bromate in water sourced from two rivers and two water treatment plants ranged from 15 to 80 and 12 to 101 μg l⁻¹, respectively. Rainwater did not contribute bromate in rivers but decreased bromate level by dilution. Groundwater and wastewater samples showed bromate concentrations as high as 246 and 342 μg l⁻¹, respectively. Bromate presence in tap drinking water can be linked to pollution in natural water bodies and the practice of using hypochlorite chemicals in addition to gaseous chlorine for water disinfection. This study established the levels, occurrence, and possible sources of bromate in local drinking water supplies.

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Evaluation of Bromate Ions Level Introduced by Sodium Hypochlorite During Post-disinfection of Drinking Water

Cited by 24 publications

References 7 publications

Perchlorate assessment of the Nakdong and Yeongsan watersheds, Republic of Korea

Perchlorate assessment of the Nakdong and Yeongsan watersheds, Republic of Korea

Comparison of trihalomethanes in the air of two indoor swimming pool facilities using different type of chlorination and different types of water

Occurrence and Sources of Bromate in Chlorinated Tap Drinking Water in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines

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