Evaluation of borax solid wastes in production of frits suitable for fast single-fired wall tile opaque glass-ceramic glazes

Abstract

Zircon (zirconium silicate, ZrSiO 4 ) is the main opacifier of glossy, opaque, white-coloured, fritbased wall tile glazes. However, zirconia containing frits employed in the preparation of these glazes raise the production cost limiting zircon usage as a raw material at an industrial scale. Therefore, there have been several searches on seeking for alternative frit compositions with lower or without zirconia content. Consequently, positive outcomes were recently reported. With the present study, 1⋅5-5% of borax concentrator waste replaced certain level of acid boric for B 2 O 3 content in a low zircon containing frit recipe. It is confirmed that waste contribution did not distort the surface properties of the fast single-fired wall tile opaque glazes. Zircon was found to be the main crystal phase of the glazes in laboratory trials. Industrial applications revealed that shorter firing cycles lead to zircon and petedunnite (CaZnSi 2 O 6 ) formation in the CW-4 glaze.

Characterization of Waste Sludge Pigment from Production of ZnCl2

“…The presence of iron oxide (Fe 3+ ) as a network with four-fold coordination creates a brownish color, which is, for example, in the GPO2 sample. If iron ions are in six-fold coordination, a faint yellow-pink hue may appear [24,40]. Figure 11 shows a completely different trend for the GPO1 glaze.…”

Bor Türevi Atığı Katkılı Şeffaf Sırların Seramik Bünyeler Üzerine Uygulanması

“…Üretilen düşük maliyetli ve çevre dostu bor atığı katkılı sırlar sanatsal seramik çalışmalarında kullanılabilir. [2,[4][5][6], seramik sırlar [7][8][9][10], biyoseramikler [3] ve çimento harçlarının [1,11] üretimine dayanmaktadır.…”

“…Seramik sırların üretimine odaklanan dört çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmaların ikisinde [7,9], borik asit (H 3 BO 3 ) yerine bor oksit (B 2 O 3 ) içeren boraks konsantratör atığı frit kompozisyonu içerisine eklemiştir. 1450 ºC'de hazırlanan frit öğütüldükten sonra angoplu duvar karosu ticari bünyelerin üzerine uygulanmıştır.…”

Kromit Atığının Tek Pişirim Duvar Karosu Sırlarında Renklendirici Olarak Kullanılması

“…As stated in the literature, possibility of using a wide variety of inorganic wastes has become important aspect in the ceramic sector like as ceramic engobes [2][3], ceramic glazes [4][5][6][7][8], ceramic colorants or pigments [9][10][11][12][13][14][15], glass and glass-ceramics [16][17][18], bricks and roof tiles [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], and ceramic tiles [28][29][30].…”