Evaluation of biotic and abiotic stressors to artificially induce agarwood production in Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke seedlings

Faizal, Ahmad; Hermawaty, Dina; Junita, Eliana; Rahmawati, Andira; Azar, Alda Wydia Prihartini; Makajanma, Maria Masitho; Turjaman, Maman

doi:10.1007/s13199-022-00835-2

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…However, research results still indicate that after 6-12 months of fungal inoculant induction, although the color range of Agarwood has improved, the alcohol-soluble extract content in Agarwood samples is lower than the standard specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and there are fewer characteristic components in volatile secondary metabolites. [28,[71][72][73]. This indicates that not all fungal inducers can effectively enhance the quality of Agarwood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sesquiterpenes are the main source of agarwood fragrance, whereas 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones have various pharmacological effects [66,[75][76][77]. The content of these active secondary metabolites is often used as an indicator to evaluate the quality and grade of agarwood [73]. Currently, more than two hundred chemical components have been identified in agarwood, and this number continues to increase with the in-depth study of agarwood metabolites [76,78].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Different Levels of Physical Damage Combined with Fungal Induction on Agarwood Formation

Zhao,

Song,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Forests

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As wild Aquilaria sinensis resources are exhausted and protected, China has established a huge number of plantations of Aquilaria trees and developed artificial induction techniques. However, the current output and quality of artificial induction technology have not yet met the expected results. It has been found that high-oil-containing agarwood may contain particular fungal stains associated with agarwood production. To enhance the quality of agarwood, we recovered and characterized three highly active fungi from high-oil-containing agarwood and inoculated them onto A. sinensis trees using two traditional physical methods. The results showed that fungi extracted from high-oil-containing agarwood can effectively increase the yield and quality of agarwood. During the agarwood formation process, parenchyma cells, xylem rays, and axial parenchyma cells in the xylem gradually undergo apoptosis, thereby promoting the expansion of the color range of agarwood. Nine months after the treatment, the alcohol-soluble extract content in agarwood reached the standard specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (10%), and the proportions of sesquiterpenes and chromones in each treatment were 55.82%, 58.31%, 62.65%, 70.97%, and 13.71%, respectively. These results indicate that fungal induction has a positive impact on the quality of agarwood. In addition, compared to drilling and fungus combined induction, “burning holes and fungi” combined induction demonstrates better results and can further improve the yield and quality of agarwood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Different Levels of Physical Damage Combined with Fungal Induction on Agarwood Formation

Zhao,

Song,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Forests

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“…Aquilaria subintegra Thailand [44] Gyrinops versteegii Indonesia [6,45] Gyrinops walla Sri Lanka [4]…”

Section: Aquilaria Crassnamentioning

confidence: 99%

Inoculation strategies for agarwood-producing species in Asia: A systematic review

Lloren

2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Agarwood is a highly valued non-timber product naturally grown in South and Southeast Asian countries and is a valuable ingredient of incense, perfume, and medicines. It is a highly protected tree species and a lucrative investment for cultivation and production due to its high price. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the different inoculation strategies and examined the available agarwood-producing species in the literature. The published articles were extracted from the Web of Science database of the initial search of 184 records. Articles were screened according to the title, abstract and full text. A total of 37 eligible articles were qualified for review. Data extracted were synthesized and analyzed by vote counting, frequency count, and percentages, as well as figures and tables. Results revealed that the oldest article in the review was from 2005, and the most recent article was from 2022. China was the highest number of publications as of 2022. Among agarwood-producing species, Aquilaria sinenses was the widely utilized specimen for agarwood experiments, while Aquilaria malaccensis was the country-diverse species in the review. Further, fungal inoculation was the most widely used as agarwood inoculation strategy. Finally, this review highlighted the need for further agarwood studies.

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“…The average ray frequency of G. versteegii in Pacitan was higher than Klaten, with 9.5 ± 0.7/mm 2 and 8.4 ± 1.3/mm 2 (Table 3). Mohamed et al (2013) and Faizal et al (2022) stated that living ray parenchyma was the only cells synthesizing agarwood resin. Zhang et al (2022) also reported that agarwood was mainly formed and accumulated in ray cells and interxylary phloem.…”

Section: Vesselsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anatomical structure of the root, stem, and branch of Gyrinops versteegii trees from different growing sites

ADIMAHAVIRA,

LUKMANDARU,

PUJIARTI

et al. 2023

Biodiversitas

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Abstract. Adimahavira A, Lukmandaru G, Pujiharti R, Prastiwi FW, Nugroho WD. 2023. The anatomical structure of the root, stem, and branch of Gyrinops versteegii trees from different growing sites. Biodiversitas 24: 4590-4598. Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke is an agarwood (Gaharu)-producing species with a unique color and very expensive fragrance. Even so, studies on the effects of growing sites on the wood anatomical structure of several parts of G. versteegii have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the anatomical structure of G. versteegii on the tree's root, stem, and branch at two different growing sites. Three five-year-old G. versteegii trees from Pacitan and Klaten Districts (Indonesia) were used for the experiment and were harvested from the root, stem, and branch. The wood samples were then put in a glutaraldehyde solution for 24 hours and later in an alcohol solution. The samples were sliced in microtome (15-20 µm) and observed in the transverse, tangential, and radial sections. The results showed that the anatomical characteristics, such as vessel diameter, ray height, ray frequency, interxylary phloem proportion, and frequency differed significantly between growing sites. Furthermore, fiber length, vessel diameter, ray height, ray frequency, and interxylary phloem proportion significantly differed among plant parts. In addition, the branch part has the highest interxylary phloem value, indicating the possibility of a high agarwood resin deposit when agarwood stimulation is applied.

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Evaluation of biotic and abiotic stressors to artificially induce agarwood production in Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke seedlings

Cited by 6 publications

References 45 publications

Effects of Different Levels of Physical Damage Combined with Fungal Induction on Agarwood Formation

Effects of Different Levels of Physical Damage Combined with Fungal Induction on Agarwood Formation

Inoculation strategies for agarwood-producing species in Asia: A systematic review

The anatomical structure of the root, stem, and branch of Gyrinops versteegii trees from different growing sites

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