Evaluation of biomass gasification in supercritical water process for hydrogen production

Environmental Impacts of Hydrogen Production by Hydrothermal Gasification of a Real Biowaste

“…Energy from biomass could reduce the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and provide 14% of the world's energy needs [4,5]. Also biomass gasification through the hydrothermal process has the added advantage of disposing of wastes [6]. Therefore, biomass has been selected for generation of energy by using hydrothermal gasification.…”

Supercritical Water Gasification of Municipal Sludge: A Novel Approach to Waste Treatment and Energy Recovery

“…The conversion efficiencies of carbon due to increased temperature from partial-oxidation reactions can be on par with metals and alkali salts for H2 and CO2 production Matsumura et al, 2002;Rönnlund et al, 2011;Xu et al, 2009). Carbon is very stable in supercritical water, especially when H2 gas is present (Calzavara et al, 2005). Plus, carbonaceous materials are common and relatively inexpensive, meaning that even the need for large catalyst volumes should still be economically feasible (Matsumura et al, 2002).…”

“…Compared to Noble metals, including Ru, Rh, and Pt, Ni is a low cost material capable of catalyzing conversion at high rates with relatively low temperatures without sacrificing H2 yields (Antal et al, 2000;Calzavara et al, 2005;Matsumura et al, 2002;Xu et al, 1996). Nickel catalysts have been reportedly effective at cracking tar into smaller, volatile fractions and promoting water-gas shift reactions, methanation, and hydrogenation reactions.…”

“…Catalysts also intensify hydrolysis liquefaction processes via flash pyrolysis that produces a liquid condensate in the dissolved supercritical water (Penninger & Rep, 2006). The flash-pyrolysis condensate is then readily converted in supercritical water into a H2-rich gas, which further suppresses char and tar formation and reduces operating costs (Calzavara et al, 2005;Penninger & Rep, 2006;Sınag et al, 2004;Toor et al, 2011).…”

Producing Hydrochar from Cotton Linter Black Liquor and Performing Alkali Recovery

“…Recently, hydrothermal conversion has been emerged as a thermal conversion technology that translates biomass into high value-added products (Calzavara et al 2005;Williams and Onwukili 2006;Naqvi et al 2010). In addition, hydrothermal conversion is a green way of producing carbon because of its mild reaction conditions, simple operation, no need to dry raw material, and use of water as the reaction medium (Sugano et al 2008;Sricharoenchaikul 2009;Rönnlund et al 2011).…”