Evaluation of Biological Approaches for Controlling Shoot and Fruit Borer (Earias vitella F.) of Okra Grown in Peri-Urban Area in Bangladesh

Abstract

Irrational applications of insecticides on vegetable crops are very common in Bangladesh, resulting in harmful consequences for the environment and human health. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of biological and botanical insecticides on okra shoot and fruit borer grown in open fields. Four insecticides were used in this study, namely Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Spinosad 45 SC, Abamectin 1.8 EC, and Azadirachtin 1% EC an untreated control. The experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that the rate of shoot infestation was the lowest in the Spinosad-treated plot (3.80%), and the highest was in the control (20.67%). The lowest fruit infestation (3.56%) was recorded in the treated plot of Spinosad. The rate of reduction of fruit infestation over control was 80.69, 60.14, 56.45, and 55.58% in the plots treated with Spinosad, Bt, Azadirachtin, and Abamectin, respectively. Consequently, the Spinosad-treated plot attained the highest yield (8.65 t ha−1), which was followed by the plots treated with Azadirachtin (6.74 t ha−1), Bt (6.28 t ha−1), and Abamectin (6.12 t ha−1). The highest net return and benefit–cost ratio (BCR) were 542.36 US$ and 2.64, obtained respectively from the Spinosad-treated plot. The second highest BCR (1.70) was obtained from the Azadiratin-treated plot, and the lowest BCR (1.18) was recorded in the Abamectin-treated plot. Therefore, the studied insect management practices could be incorporated to attain higher yields and economic benefits for growing okra in Bangladesh.

Using Some Promising Insecticides as A Management Tool Against The Major Sucking Pests of Country Bean

“…Adjusted net return. The adjusted net return was determined by subtracting the net return of the control plot from the net return of a particular treatment [21].…”

“…Fruits were harvested at 7-10 days intervals and the numbers of healthy and infested fruits and their weight were noted separately per plot per treatment. Harvests were done throughout the fruiting season and the percent pod/fruit infestation by number and weight was calculated [21] using the following formulas 2 and 3. × 100 % (5) 2.9 Economic analysis.…”

“…Benefit Cost Ratio Calculation. Finally, the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) [21] was calculated by dividing the adjusted net return by the respective total management cost for each treatment following the formula: Benefit cost ratio = Adjusted net return Total management cost (7) 2.10. Data Analysis.…”

Lepidopteran Insects Status and Diversity: A Review

“…Some pests are attacked the home garden plant [1] [2]. some insects attract in the bean crop and pod [3]- [6], cinnamon plant and fruit [7], chrysanthemum crop and flower [8]; jackfruit plant and fruit [9] [10], mango plant and fruit [11], lemon plant parts [12], okra plant and fruit [13] [14] and so on [15]- [17]. The term is mostly secondhand for individuals that harm crops, cattle and animals, and forests or cause pain to people, especially in their town.…”

Efficacy of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract on Earias vittella, Fabricius, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): environment sustainable approach

“…Botanicals or bio-pesticides can be an effective and advantageous replacement to commercial pesticides leading towards integrated pest approaches due to targetspecific, eco-friendly, low number of applications and higher acceptable properties. Phytochemicals extracted from the plant parts by using different solutions have acted as toxicants, repellents and growth regulators (Ahmad et al, 2021;Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006;Choudhury et al, 2021). Synthesized chemical compounds produced by plants have the potentials to way forward to integrate insect pest control methods (Tabashnik, 1994).…”