Evaluation of biochemical alterations produced by combined exposure of fenvalerate and nitrate in Bubalus bubalis

Abstract

Aim: Evaluation of combined effect of fenvalerate and nitrate on biochemical parameters in buffalo calves. Materials and Methods:Sixteen male buffalo calves were divided into four groups of four calves each. Group I receiving no treatment served as the control. Group II and III animals were orally administered with fenvalerate (1.0 mg/kg/day) and sodium nitrate (20 mg/kg/day), respectively, for 21 consecutive days and were kept as positive control. Group IV animals were co-administered with fenvalerate and sodium nitrate at the above dose rates for 21 consecutive days. Biochemical parameters including Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Glucose, Total protein, Albumin, Cholesterol, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine were th determined on 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17 and 21 day of treatment. Estimation of these parameters was also done on 7 day of posttreatment period.Results: Co-administration of fenvalerate and sodium nitrate produced significant increase in the plasma levels of AST, ALP, GGT, LDH, glucose, BUN, cholesterol and creatinine while significant decrease in the plasma levels of total proteins was observed. No significant alteration was observed in albumin levels. Extent of organ damage as evidenced by biochemical alterations was more pronounced in calves exposed to combination of fenvalerate and sodium nitrate as compared to their individual exposures. Conclusion:Fenvalerate and sodium nitrate co-administration potentiates the toxicological injury produced, in comparison to their individual exposure.

Evaluation of biochemical alterations produced by acetaminophen overdose in Bubalus bubalis

“…The serum ALT is one of the most sensitive biochemical markers for the diagnosis of hepatic dysfunction [ 12 ]. During liver damage the transport function of hepatocytes is disturbed, resulting in consequential leakage of hepatic enzymes through plasma membrane therefore an elevation of aminotransferase activity in the extracellular fluid or plasma is considered as a sensitive indicator for hepatocellular damage [ 13 ]. The significant increase in the plasma ALT activity of APAP treated buffalo calves from day 1 to day 6 in the present study indicates liver impairment following its repeated administration [ 8 , 14 ].…”

“…ALP is a zinc-containing enzyme present in liver, biliary tracts, small intestines, bones, lungs, and kidney. Elevated levels in the blood may indicate damage to the liver and other organs [ 13 , 15 ]. The enhanced activity may be due to increased synthesis in response to hepatic damage as seen by the ALT levels in these buffalo calves after repeated administration of APAP [ 8 ].…”

“…BUN test is an estimate of the amount of nitrogen in the blood coming from urea, a waste product of the body. BUN levels increase in blood during renal insufficiency or high protein diet [ 13 , 20 ]. Blood urea nitrogen indicates the glomerular filtration but 75% of the kidney should be non-functional for BUN elevation [ 13 ].…”

“…BUN levels increase in blood during renal insufficiency or high protein diet [ 13 , 20 ]. Blood urea nitrogen indicates the glomerular filtration but 75% of the kidney should be non-functional for BUN elevation [ 13 ]. Creatinine, a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, is an important indicator of renal health because it is an easily measured by product of muscle metabolism that is excreted unchanged by the kidneys [ 20 ].…”

“…Plasma creatinine levels help in evaluating renal functions particularly the glomeruli since creatinine is excreted in the urine after filtration. Increase in plasma BUN and creatinine levels in buffalo calves are suggestive of renal damage and may be attributed to urinary obstruction that potentiates decreased secretion of urea from the body after APAP overdose [ 6 , 7 , 13 , 14 ]. The BUN levels increased after the first dose with a maximum increase on day 3 followed by decreasing trend with non-significant increase on 6th day indicates kidneys compensatory mechanism to paracetamol overdose.…”