Evaluation of Bendability of Hot-Rolled S960 Grade Steel Using Optical Strain Measurements and FE-Modelling

Abstract

Bending is an important forming process for ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) because it is cost-effective, fast and in many cases it can be used to replace welding in a part manufacturing processes. One major challenge in air bending of UHSS is to predict the limits for bendability since the traditional methods for failure prediction, such as forming limit diagram (FLD), cannot generally be applied to bending process. In this paper, 3D FE-modelling coupled with a CDM-damage model is used to simulate the air bending process and to determine the bendability limits for a hot-rolled 960MPa grade. Damage parameters for the CDM-model are determined by using optical strain measurements and inverse modelling of the tensile test. Three point bending tests with optical strain measuring were carried out to determine the deformation field of the outer bend in different bending angles and the results of the bending simulation are compared with the strain measurements of the bending tests. The damage model is then calibrated using the experimental results of the bending tests to adjust the crack occurrence in the simulation. A good agreement was found between simulations and experimental measurements.