Evaluation of behavior and cracking potential of early-age cementitious systems using uniaxial restraint tests: A review

Comparison of thermal cracking potential evaluation criteria for mass concrete structures

“…For sake of simplicity, it is usually assumed that the concrete cracks when U = 1.0 (i.e., no damage is involved). However, for the restrained concrete test, the value of U was always smaller than 1.0 and ranged from 0.6 to 0.8 based on the summary of uniaxial restraint tests by Xin et al [33]. Besides, the obtained value of U using the restrained ring test was also smaller than 1.0 [10,34].…”

Predicting early‐age stress evolution in restrained concrete by thermo‐chemo‐mechanical model and active ensemble learning

“…Various restraint tests (e.g., rigid cracking frame test—Spingenschmid, 1998; ring test—Briffaut et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2013; internal restraint test—Semianiuk et al., 2017; and Temperature‐Stress‐Testing‐Machine [TSTM] test—Klausen et al., 2019; Shen et al., 2016) were broadly implemented to investigate the influence of different temperature profiles, cementitious materials, creep/relaxation, and different types of shrinkage on the EAS evolution. Among the testing methods mentioned above, the TSTM test stands out with the advantages of temperature control, flexible loading schemes, and tunable restraint degrees (Xin et al., 2020). The TSTM tests are typically conducted on a dog‐bone specimen under fully restrained conditions and regulated temperature history.…”

Stress Evolution in Restrained Ggbfs Concrete Due to Autogenous Deformation: Bayesian Optimization of Aging Creep

“…To directly quantify the potential of EAC, a number of restraint testing methods have been developed, including rigid cracking frame test [22], internal restraint test by embedded reinforcement [23], ring test [24], and temperature-stress testing machine (TSTM) test [25,26]. Among all the testing methods, TSTM test stands out with the advantages of temperature control, flexible loading schemes and tunable restraint degrees, which can exclude the influence of thermal stress and allow both displacement-controlled test and load-controlled test [27]. Shen et al [4,25] performed TSTM tests on concrete with different amounts of GGBFS and temperature profiles and represented the cracking potential with stress/ strength ratio.…”