This paper provides a review of some of the advances of the past decade in structures and materials that have application to future space transportation systems. The paper concentrates on metallic thermal protection systems and structures that could provide the structural efficiency, reliability, and durability dictated by future space utilization requirements. The need for completely reusable, onboard cryogenic fuel tanks is cited as the most challenging technical opportunity, and potential thermostructural concepts for tanks are identified. Other critical areas needing technology advances are discussed. Finally, the unique research opportunities offered by the Shuttle Orbiter experiments program for testing structures and thermal protection systems are explored.