Evaluation of Beach Grooming Techniques on<i>Escherichia coli</i>Density in Foreshore Sand at North Beach, Racine, WI

Kinzelman, Julie; Whitman, Richard L.; Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N.; Jackson, Emma; Bagley, Robert C.

doi:10.1080/07438140309353944

Cited by 41 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Further, the rate of E. coli die-off is perhaps lower in sand and sediment than in water (17). The density and persistence of E. coli in water are much less, presumably because it is a harsher and less suitable habitat than sand (36). Factors that impact E. coli densities in sand include desiccation, UV exposure, erosion (storms) and deposition, and nutrients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural levels of E. coli can increase dramatically in foreshore sand when lake plankton, an organic source commonly available in the sand (1,19), are added (55). Further potential evidence for growth is the increase in E. coli numbers associated with beach grooming (36), a tilling process that aerates, remoistens, and turns over the sand, providing bacteria with protection from desiccation and irradiation (36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rainfall and onshore winds can cause a dramatic increase in concentration and can exacerbate the contamination problem (15,56). Bacterial counts in water eventually fall to levels considered to be safe for swimming; however, many indicators remain in the sediment and adjacent beach sand (17,36) and can impact beach water quality at a later time.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Foreshore Sand as a Source of Escherichia coli in Nearshore Water of a Lake Michigan Beach

Whitman

Nevers

2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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263

254

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Swimming advisories due to excessive Escherichia coli concentrations are common at 63rd Street Beach, Chicago, Ill. An intensive study was undertaken to characterize the source and fate of E. coli in beach water and sand at the beach. From April through September 2000, water and sand samples were collected daily or twice daily at two depths on three consecutive days per week (water samples, n ‫؍‬ 1,747; sand samples, n ‫؍‬ 858); hydrometeorological conditions and bird and bather distributions were also recorded. E. coli concentrations in sand and water were significantly correlated, with the highest concentration being found in foreshore sand, followed by those in submerged sediment and water of increasing depth. Gull contributions to E. coli densities in sand and water were most apparent on the day following gull activity in a given area. E. coli recolonized newly placed foreshore sand within 2 weeks. Analysis of variance, correlation, cluster analyses, concentration gradients, temporal-spatial distribution, demographic patterns, and DNA fingerprinting suggest that E. coli may be able to sustain population density in temperate beach sand during summer months without external inputs. This research presents evidence that foreshore beach sand (i) plays a major role in bacterial lake water quality, (ii) is an important non-point source of E. coli to lake water rather than a net sink, (iii) may be environmentally, and perhaps hygienically, problematic, and (iv) is possibly capable of supporting an autochthonous, high density of indicator bacteria for sustained periods, independent of lake, human, or animal input.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Foreshore Sand as a Source of Escherichia coli in Nearshore Water of a Lake Michigan Beach

Whitman

Nevers

2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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263

254

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“…Various management strategies, such as sand replacement (355), beach grooming (190,191), and bird harassment using trained dogs, have been attempted, with various degrees of success. The total eradication of FIB and other microbial contaminants might be difficult or simply impractical.…”

Section: Environmental Reservoirs and Extraenteric Habitatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, enterococci can survive and persist in moist subsurface sand (44), countering the effects of surface treatments. Other beach management practices, such as beach grooming-a tool routinely applied for esthetic purposes-might help reduce the problem but can be counterproductive when the particulate-associated FIB get dispersed and are deposited deeper, further protecting them and prolonging their survival in sand environments (191). In these situations, the sand can serve as a continuous source or reservoir of FIB and associated pathogens to nearshore waters.…”

Section: Environmental Reservoirs and Extraenteric Habitatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterococci in the Environment

Byappanahalli

Nevers

Korajkic

et al. 2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

555

383

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SUMMARYEnterococci are common, commensal members of gut communities in mammals and birds, yet they are also opportunistic pathogens that cause millions of human and animal infections annually. Because they are shed in human and animal feces, are readily culturable, and predict human health risks from exposure to polluted recreational waters, they are used as surrogates for waterborne pathogens and as fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in research and in water quality testing throughout the world. Evidence from several decades of research demonstrates, however, that enterococci may be present in high densities in the absence of obvious fecal sources and that environmental reservoirs of these FIB are important sources and sinks, with the potential to impact water quality. This review focuses on the distribution and microbial ecology of enterococci in environmental (secondary) habitats, including the effect of environmental stressors; an outline of their known and apparent sources, sinks, and fluxes; and an overview of the use of enterococci as FIB. Finally, the significance of emerging methodologies, such as microbial source tracking (MST) and empirical predictive models, as tools in water quality monitoring is addressed. The mounting evidence for widespread extraenteric sources and reservoirs of enterococci demonstrates the versatility of the genusEnterococcusand argues for the necessity of a better understanding of their ecology in natural environments, as well as their roles as opportunistic pathogens and indicators of human pathogens.

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Sargassum as a Natural Solution to Enhance Dune Plant Growth

Williams

Feagin

2010

Environmental Management

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Many beach management practices focus on creating an attractive environment for tourists, but can detrimentally affect long-term dune integrity. One such practice is mechanical beach raking in which the wrack line is removed from the beach front. In Texas, Sargassum fluitans and natans, types of brown alga, are the main components of wrack and may provide a subsidy to the ecosystem. In this study, we used greenhouse studies to test the hypothesis that the addition of sargassum can increase soil nutrients and produce increased growth in dune plants. We also conducted an analysis of the nutrients in the sargassum to determine the mechanisms responsible for any growth enhancement. Panicum amarum showed significant enhancement of growth with the addition of sargassum, and while Helianthus debilis, Ipomoea stolonifera, Sporobolus virginicus, and Uniola paniculata responded slightly differently to the specific treatments, none were impaired by the addition of sargassum. In general, plants seemed to respond well to unwashed sargassum and multiple additions of sargassum, indicating that plants may have adapted to capitalize on the subsidy in its natural state directly from the ocean. For coastal managers, the use of sargassum as a fertilizer could be a positive, natural, and efficient method of dealing with the accumulation of wrack on the beach.

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Evaluation of Beach Grooming Techniques onEscherichia coliDensity in Foreshore Sand at North Beach, Racine, WI

Cited by 41 publications

References 21 publications

Foreshore Sand as a Source of Escherichia coli in Nearshore Water of a Lake Michigan Beach

Foreshore Sand as a Source of Escherichia coli in Nearshore Water of a Lake Michigan Beach

Enterococci in the Environment

Sargassum as a Natural Solution to Enhance Dune Plant Growth

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