Evaluation of Arterial Blood Gases and Arterial Blood Pressures in Brachycephalic Dogs

Hoareau, Guillaume L.; Jourdan, Géraldine; Mellema, Matthew S.; Verwaerde, Patrick

doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00941.x

Cited by 83 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…Hypomagnesemia and hypercoagulation were found in clinically healthy bulldogs compared to nonbrachycephalic control dogs and boxers . Hypertension also was reported in systemically healthy pugs, Boston terrier, French bulldogs, and bulldogs . These findings support the argument that the bulldog is a natural model for sleep apnea and hypopnea syndromes in humans with similar metabolic changes …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Whole‐Body Barometric Plethysmography Characterizes Upper Airway Obstruction in 3 Brachycephalic Breeds of Dogs

Liu

Adams²,

Kalmár

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

120

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BackgroundA novel test using whole‐body barometric plethysmography (WBBP) was developed recently to diagnose brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) in unsedated French bulldogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe hypotheses of this study were: (1) respiratory characteristics are different between healthy nonbrachycephalic dogs and brachycephalic dogs; and among pugs, French bulldogs, and bulldogs; and (2) obesity and stenotic nares are risk factors for BOAS. The main objective was to establish a diagnostic test for BOAS in these 3 breeds.AnimalsA total of 266 brachycephalic dogs (100 pugs, 100 French bulldogs, and 66 bulldogs) and 28 nonbrachycephalic dogs.MethodsProspective study. Exercise tolerance tests with respiratory functional grading, and WBBP were performed on all dogs. Data from WBBP were associated with functional grades to train quadratic discriminant analysis tools to assign dogs to BOAS+ and BOAS‐ groups. A BOAS index (0–100%) was calculated for each dog. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate classification ability.ResultsMinute volume was decreased significantly in asymptomatic pugs (P = .009), French bulldogs (P = .026), and bulldogs (P < .0001) when compared to nonbrachycephalic controls. Respiratory characteristics were different among breeds and affected dogs had a significant increase in trace variation. The BOAS index predicted BOAS status for each breed with 94–97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88.9–100%) accuracy (area under the ROC curve). Both obesity (P = .04) and stenotic nares (P = .004) were significantly associated with BOAS.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe WBBP can be used as a clinical tool to diagnose BOAS noninvasively and objectively.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Whole‐Body Barometric Plethysmography Characterizes Upper Airway Obstruction in 3 Brachycephalic Breeds of Dogs

Liu

Adams²,

Kalmár

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

120

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“…To mitigate increasing blood pH, bicarbonate is excreted in the urine. However, in 1 study, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide was significantly higher in brachycephalic dogs (n = 11) when compared to nonbrachycephalic controls (n = 11); urine pH was not measured 6. Venous blood gases from 3 VMC UMN Pugs in our study did not support respiratory alkalosis as a contributing factor for struvite formation, but we cannot definitively rule out an underlying acid base disorder as a contributing factor to struvite plug formation.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Urethral Plugs in Dogs

Stiller

Lulich

Furrow

2014

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundCrystalline‐matrix urethral plugs have not been previously reported in dogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo report the composition of urethral plugs in dogs, describe clinical features of the disease, and identify overrepresented breeds.MethodsRetrospective case series. A Minnesota Urolith Center (MUC) record search was performed for urethral plugs in dogs submitted during a 6‐year period. The composition of the plugs and signalment of affected dogs were recorded. Breed risk analysis was performed using a control group without plugs from the Veterinary Medical Center, University of Minnesota (VMC UMN). Breed risk was also calculated for a group of dogs with struvite (plugs and uroliths). Medical records for the subset of plug cases from the VMC UMN were reviewed and described.ResultsBetween 2006 and 2011, 42 urethral plugs from dogs were submitted to the MUC. All came from male dogs, and the mineral component of the majority (83%) was struvite. Thirty (71%) samples were from Pugs. Pugs were overrepresented in plug submissions (OR 179; CI 88–389; P < .001), and for struvite in general (OR 14.3; CI 7.9–24.4; P < .001). Nine of the dogs were treated at VMC UMN; all were castrated male Pugs. None of these cases had bacteriuria or positive urine cultures, and no underlying cause of plug formation was identified.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWhen evaluating dogs with urethral obstruction, plugs need to be considered, especially in male Pugs. Further investigation into the underlying cause of plug formation in dogs is warranted.

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“…In brachycephalic dogs, due to the structure of their viscerocranium, the so-called brachycephalic syndrome occurs which is a breathing disorder due to anatomic obstacles in the upper airways, which, making it impossible for a free air flow, cause impaired CO 2 discharge, which, according to the HH equation, causes formation of respiratory acidosis as a result of an increase in pCO 2 -carbonic acid anhydride (Correy 2005, Curley et al 2010, Sławuta et al 2010, Hoareau et al 2012.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of elements of the Stewart model (Strong Ion Approach) for the diagnostics of respiratory acidosis on the basis of the calculation of a value of a modified anion gap (AGm) in brachycephalic dogs

Sławuta¹,

Glińska-Suchocka²,

Cekiera³

2015

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Apart from the HH equation, the acid-base balance of an organism is also described by the Stewart model, which assumes that the proper insight into the ABB of the organism is given by an analysis of: pCO 2 , the difference of concentrations of strong cations and anions in the blood serum -SID, and the total concentration of nonvolatile weak acids -Acid total. The notion of an anion gap (AG), or the apparent lack of ions, is closely related to the acid-base balance described according to the HH equation. Its value mainly consists of negatively charged proteins, phosphates, and sulphates in blood. In the human medicine, a modified anion gap is used, which, including the concentration of the protein buffer of blood, is, in fact, the combination of the apparent lack of ions derived from the classic model and the Stewart model. In brachycephalic dogs, respiratory acidosis often occurs, which is caused by an overgrowth of the soft palate, making it impossible for a free air flow and causing an increase in pCO 2 -carbonic acid anhydride The aim of the present paper was an attempt to answer the question whether, in the case of systemic respiratory acidosis, changes in the concentration of buffering ions can also be seen. The study was carried out on 60 adult dogs of boxer breed in which, on the basis of the results of endoscopic examination, a strong overgrowth of the soft palate requiring a surgical correction was found. For each dog, the value of the anion gap before and after the palate . The values of AG calculated for the dogs before and after the procedure fell within the limits of the reference values and did not differ significantly whereas the values of AG m calculated for the dogs before and after the procedure differed from each other significantly. Conclusions: 1) On the basis of the values of AG m obtained it should be stated that in spite of finding respiratory acidosis in the examined dogs, changes in ion concentration can also be seen, which, according to the Stewart theory, compensate metabolic ABB disorders 2) In spite of the fact that all the values used for calculation of AG m were within the limits of reference values, the values of AG m in dogs before and after the soft palate correction procedure differed from each other significantly, which proves high sensitivity and usefulness of the AG m calculation as a diagnostic method.

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Evaluation of Arterial Blood Gases and Arterial Blood Pressures in Brachycephalic Dogs

Cited by 83 publications

References 69 publications

Whole‐Body Barometric Plethysmography Characterizes Upper Airway Obstruction in 3 Brachycephalic Breeds of Dogs

Whole‐Body Barometric Plethysmography Characterizes Upper Airway Obstruction in 3 Brachycephalic Breeds of Dogs

Urethral Plugs in Dogs

The use of elements of the Stewart model (Strong Ion Approach) for the diagnostics of respiratory acidosis on the basis of the calculation of a value of a modified anion gap (AGm) in brachycephalic dogs

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