Evaluation of APR1 Gene Expression in Candida albicans Strains Isolated From Patients With Multiple Sclerosis

Saroukolaei, Shahla Amri; Ghabaee, Mojdeh; Shokri, Hojjatollah; Khosravi, Alireza; Badiei, Alireza

doi:10.5812/jjm.33292

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Approximately two-thirds (9/15; 60%) of the genes shared between P. wickerhamii and either C. albicans or T. rubrum with predicted IPR domain and secretory signal, had previously been characterized in either of the two fungi as related to pathogenicity (Table 2 ; Supplementary Material 12 ). Whereas APR1 and PEP1 genes of C. albicans and TERG_00899 of T. rubrum have been associated with penetration and invasion of the host [ 40 – 42 ], ROT2 and SKN1 of C. albicans have been linked to cell wall synthesis and mutants at these genes showed decreased in vitro virulence [ 43 , 44 ]. Other genes found in P. wickerhamii were HEX1, GUT2, PNC1, and PDI1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A first insight into the genome of Prototheca wickerhamii, a major causative agent of human protothecosis

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Colourless microalgae of the Prototheca genus are the only known plants that have consistently been implicated in a range of clinically relevant opportunistic infections in both animals and humans. The Prototheca algae are emerging pathogens, whose incidence has increased importantly over the past two decades. Prototheca wickerhamii is a major human pathogen, responsible for at least 115 cases worldwide. Although the algae are receiving more attention nowadays, there is still a substantial knowledge gap regarding their biology, and pathogenicity in particular. Here we report, for the first time, the complete nuclear genome, organelle genomes, and transcriptome of the P. wickerhamii type strain ATCC 16529. Results The assembled genome size was of 16.7 Mbp, making it the smallest and most compact genome sequenced so far among the protothecans. Key features of the genome included a high overall GC content (64.5%), a high number (6081) and proportion (45.9%) of protein-coding genes, and a low repetitive sequence content (2.2%). The vast majority (90.6%) of the predicted genes were confirmed with the corresponding transcripts upon RNA-sequencing analysis. Most (93.2%) of the genes had their putative function assigned when searched against the InterProScan database. A fourth (23.3%) of the genes were annotated with an enzymatic activity possibly associated with the adaptation to the human host environment. The P. wickerhamii genome encoded a wide array of possible virulence factors, including those already identified in two model opportunistic fungal pathogens, i.e. Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum, and thought to be involved in invasion of the host or elicitation of the adaptive stress response. Approximately 6% of the P. wickerhamii genes matched a Pathogen-Host Interaction Database entry and had a previously experimentally proven role in the disease development. Furthermore, genes coding for proteins (e.g. ATPase, malate dehydrogenase) hitherto considered as potential virulence factors of Prototheca spp. were demonstrated in the P. wickerhamii genome. Conclusions Overall, this study is the first to describe the genetic make-up of P. wickerhamii and discovers proteins possibly involved in the development of protothecosis.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A first insight into the genome of Prototheca wickerhamii, a major causative agent of human protothecosis

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The possible association between systemic candidiasis with MS is reinforced by the fact that infectious agents, such as Candida spp., can cause demyelinated lesions [37]. The pathogenesis of Candida infection involves several virulence factors, including the capacity of biofilm formation and proteolytic enzyme production [38,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These enzymes are also able to degrade antibodies, complement components, and cytokines [49]. According to Saroukolaei et al [37], the secretion of fungal proteases damages the surrounding tissues and leads to inflammation; therefore, the continuous synthesis of proteolytic enzymes by fungal cells may contribute to the alterations in the CNS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic Infection by Non-albicans Candida Species Affects the Development of a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Fraga-Silva

Munhoz-Alves

Mimura

et al. 2022

JoF

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Candidiasis may affect the central nervous system (CNS), and although Candida albicans is predominant, non-albicans Candida species can also be associated with CNS infections. Some studies have suggested that Candida infections could increase the odds of multiple sclerosis (MS) development. In this context, we investigated whether systemic infection by non-albicans Candida species would affect, clinically or immunologically, the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is an animal model used to study MS. For this, a strain of C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. parapsilosis was selected and characterized using different in vitro and in vivo models. In these analysis, all the strains exhibited the ability to form biofilms, produce proteolytic enzymes, and cause systemic infections in Galleria mellonella, with C. glabrata being the most virulent species. Next, C57BL/6 mice were infected with strains of C. glabrata, C. krusei, or C. parapsilosis, and 3 days later were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein to develop EAE. Mice from EAE groups previously infected with C. glabrata and C. krusei developed more severe and more prevalent paralysis, while mice from the EAE group infected with C. parapsilosis developed a disease comparable to non-infected EAE mice. Disease aggravation by C. glabrata and C. krusei strains was concomitant to increased IL-17 and IFN-γ production by splenic cells stimulated with fungi-derived antigens and with increased percentage of T lymphocytes and myeloid cells in the CNS. Analysis of interaction with BV-2 microglial cell line also revealed differences among these strains, in which C. krusei was the strongest activator of microglia concerning the expression of MHC II and CD40 and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Altogether, these results indicated that the three non-albicans Candida strains were similarly able to reach the CNS but distinct in terms of their effect over EAE development. Whereas C. glabrata and C. Krusei aggravated the development of EAE, C. parapsilosis did not affect its severity. Disease worsening was partially associated to virulence factors in C. glabrata and to a strong activation of microglia in C. krusei infection. In conclusion, systemic infections by non-albicans Candida strains exerted influence on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in both immunological and clinical aspects, emphasizing their possible relevance in MS development.

show abstract

“…в составе микробиоты кишечника пациентов по мере увеличения длительности РС, может быть результатом развивающего дисбиоза в кишечнике. Хотя не было выявлено связи этих микроорганизмов с тяжестью и прогрессированием заболевания, нельзя исключить этого события, поскольку на модели ЭАЭ показано, что Candida albicans способствуют более тяжелому течению заболевания у животных [33], а у пациентов с РС показана связь Candida с прогрессированием заболевания [69].…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Intestinal microbiota composition and peripheral blood Th cell subsets in patients with multiple sclerosis

Абдурасулова

Tarasova

Кудрявцев

et al. 2019

Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

At present, the role of intestinal microbiota in diverse diseases of the central nervous system, including of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been extensively investigated. Self-reactive CD4+ Th1 and Th17 cells specific to myelin-derived antigens play a key role in the MS pathogenesis. Taking into consideration pathogenetic features related to MS development, we examined a relation between intestinal microbiocenosis and abundance of various peripheral blood helper T (Th) cell subsets in MS patients. Objective of the study: to assess prevalence of individual members of the intestinal microbiota in MS patients and analyze a relation with peripheral blood Th cell subsets. Prevalence of symbiotic and opportunistic microbial species was estimated by bacteriological method and real time PCR in 112 MS patients (72 females, 40 males) of varying severity and duration. Th cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th1/Th17, Th17/Th22, DP Th17) were analyzed by using multi-color flow cytometry based on Th cell subset-specific surface expression of chemokine receptors. A relationship between individual intestinal microbiota species and severity, duration and rate of MS progression, as well as with the phenotype of immune cells was assessed. It was found that the most significant correlation between percentage of peripheral blood Th cell subsets was observed with prevalence of Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Enterobacter spp. Moreover, prevalence of Enterococcus spp. Th cell composition influenced synergistically or antagonistically together with Enterobacter spp. or Lactobacillus spp., respectively. It is suggested that direct and indirect impact of intestinal microbiota composition on human immune system might contribute to developing novel strategies for treating MS.

show abstract

Evaluation of APR1 Gene Expression in Candida albicans Strains Isolated From Patients With Multiple Sclerosis

Cited by 5 publications

References 35 publications

A first insight into the genome of Prototheca wickerhamii, a major causative agent of human protothecosis

A first insight into the genome of Prototheca wickerhamii, a major causative agent of human protothecosis

Systemic Infection by Non-albicans Candida Species Affects the Development of a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Intestinal microbiota composition and peripheral blood Th cell subsets in patients with multiple sclerosis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About