Evaluation of Antioxidant, Total Phenol and Flavonoid Content and Antimicrobial Activities of Artocarpus altilis (Breadfruit) of Underutilized Tropical Fruit Extracts

Abstract

Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) pulp, peel and whole fruit were extracted with various solvents such as hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol. The antioxidant activity of these extracts were examined using the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging test. IC50 was 55 ± 5.89 μg/ml for the pulp part of methanol extract. In the β-carotene bleaching assay, the antioxidant activity was 90.02 ± 1.51 % for the positive control (Trolox) and 88.34 ± 1.31 % for the pulp part of the fruit methanol extract. The total phenolic content of the crude extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure; methanol pulp part demonstrated the highest phenol content value of 781 ± 52.97 mg GAE/g of dry sample. While the total flavonoid content was determined using the aluminium chloride colorimetric assay, the highest value of 6213.33 ± 142.22 mg QE/g was indicated by pulp part of the fruit methanol extract. The antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts was tested using disc diffusion method against pathogenic microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida albicans. Methanol extract of pulp part was recorded to have the highest zone of inhibition against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MBC/minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) for the extracts were also determined using the microdilution method ranging from 4000 to 63 μg/ml against pathogenic microbes. The MBC/MFC values varied from 250 to 4000 μg/ml. A correlation between antioxidant activity assays, antimicrobial activity and phenolic content was established. The results shows that the various parts of A. altilis fruit extracts promising antioxidant activities have potential bioactivities due to high content of phenolic compounds.

Molecular Mechanism of Action for the Geranyl Flavonoid to Counter Dyslipidemia in Diabetic Milieu

“…Naturally occurring flavonoids have been found to have beneficial effects on health, and these compounds have drawn attention because of their relative safety and accumulated evidence of anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects in animals and humans [22]. GF, one of polyphenolic flavonoids, have been found to possess widespread biological functions and health benefits [6,7].…”

“…The flavonoids from this and other species have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory [5], anti-oxidative [7], hemostatic [8], anti-hypertensive [9], antihypercholesterolemic [10] and anti-atherosclerotic activities [11].…”

Artocarpus altilis and Pandanus tectorius: Two Important Fruits of Oceania with Medicinal Values

“…A comparative study has been conducted on the antioxidant properties of the pulp, peel and whole fruit of A. altilis extracted with hexane, dichloromethane and methanol (Jalal et al, 2015). Results Baba, et al: Two important fruits of Oceania showed that the highest values were from the methanol pulp extract with total phenolic content of 780 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content of 6210 mg QE/g, DPPH radical scavenging IC 50 of 55 μg/ml and β-carotene bleaching ability of 88%.…”

Effects of cooking on the phytochemical profile of breadfruit as revealed by high‐resolution UPLC–MSE

“…Breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis ) has been a traditional crop in tropical and subtropical regions because it offers multifarious uses for medicine, animal feed, and the consumption of starchy fruit, mostly by the underprivileged population . In the last decades, its annual production has reached approximately 2 × 10 6 tons around the world…”