Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Enhancement of Antibiotic Action by Punica granatum Leaves Crude Extract and Enriched Fraction against Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potential of crude extract and fractions of Punica granatum leaves. The extract was produced by turbo extraction, after which hexanic, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions were obtained by partitioning. The chemical analyses were performed by thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, and the antioxidant activities were assayed by DPPH * and ABTS * + . Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) were applied to twenty-two bacteria. Most strains susceptible to extract/fractions and resistant to antibiotics were selected, and ampicillin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were associated with the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) against multidrug-resistant strains in modulatory and checkboard models. The data from chromatographic analyses showed flavonoids and tannins in the extract, as well as the enrichment of EAF in phenols, mainly flavonoids. The flavonoids were connected to the electron transfer activity demonstrated in the DPPH * and ABTS * + assays. Gram-positive strains are more susceptible to EAF. The subinhibitory concentrations of P. granatum enhanced the antimicrobial activity of the agents and reduced the EAF individual MIC, and the combination of EAF and antibiotics demonstrated a synergistic effect. These results present a promising approach for developing a therapy in which antioxidant extracts and fractions can be used in combination with antibiotics.

Antimicrobial Properties of Bacillus Probiotics as Animal Growth Promoters

“…This includes glutamine and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamid, produced by L. acidophilus, which increases enterocyte proliferation, regulation of tight junctions and suppression of inflammatory signalling pathways [72,73]. However, the potential for these antibacterial components was unexplored in this study, and they may be synergistic in their antimicrobial effects [74]. Additionally, the gut microflora have been shown to interact heavily with the blood metabolites, and further metabolomic analysis of either the serum, saliva or urine will help deconvolute this network [75].…”

Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antifungal Actions of the Optimized Crude Extract and Fractions from the Aerial Parts of Acanthospermum hispidum

“…As for the solvent, the use of two or more solvents with different polarities, instead of a single solvent, can increase the extraction of phytochemical compounds [28,29] . Among the solvents used in the extraction of polyphenols, such as flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic derivatives, the mixture of acetone and water has been widely employed, and its use has been reported in the extraction of bioactive compounds from A. hispidum [8,30,31] . In this work, the acetone: water mixture was effective in extracting the phenolic compounds from the A. hispidum matrix, as evidenced in the chromatographic analyses.…”

“…The ABTS * + (2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6sulfonic acid); Sigma-Aldrich®) radical scavenging assay was performed according to the methodology described by Re, Pellegrini, Proteggente, Pannala, Yang and Rice-Evans [48] and Lima et al [30] Solutions at 2 mg mL À 1 were prepared in 50 % ethanol and diluted to concentrations of 2.000, 1.000, 500, 250 e 100 μg/mL, to obtains the curve of calibration. A stock solution of radical ABTS * + was prepared by dissolving ABTS (7 mM) with potassium persulfate (K 2 S 2 O 8 , 2.45 mM).…”