Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity of crude extract and different fractions of Chlorella vulgaris axenic culture grown under various concentrations of copper ions

Abstract

Background Chlorella vulgaris is a microalga potentially used for pharmaceutical, animal feed, food supplement, aquaculture and cosmetics. The current study aims to study the antioxidant and prooxidant effect of Chlorella vulgaris cultivated under various conc. of copper ions. Methods The axenic green microalgal culture of Chlorella vulgaris was subjected to copper stress conditions (0.00, 0.079, 0.158, 0.316 and 0.632 mg/L). The growth rate was measured at OD680 nm and by dry weight (DW). Moreover, the Antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS radical, pigments and phytochemical compounds of the crude extracts (methylene chloride: Methanol, 1:1) were evaluated. The promising Cu crude extract (0.316 mg/L) further fractionated into twenty-one fractions by silica gel column chromatography using hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate as a mobile phase. Results The obtained results reported that nine out of these fractions exhibited more than 50% antioxidant activity and anticancer activity against Hela cancer cell lines. Based on IC50, fraction No. 7 was found to be the most effective fraction possessing a significant increase in both antioxidant and anticancer potency. Separation of active compound (s) in fraction No 7 was performed using precoated silica gel plates (TLC F254) with ethyl acetate: hexane (9:1 v/v) as mobile phase. Confirmation of active compound separation was achieved by two-dimensional TLC and visualization of the separated compound by UV lamp. The complete identification of the separated active compound was performed by UV- Vis- spectrophotometric absorption, IR, MS, H1-NMRT C13-NMR. The isolated compound ((2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecenol) have high antioxidant activity with IC50 (10.59 μg/ml) against DPPH radical assay and comparable to the capacities of the positive controls, Butylated hydroxy toluene [BHT] (IC50 11.2 μg/ml) and Vitamin C (IC50 12.9 μg/ml). Furthermore, pure isolated compound exhibited a potent anticancer activity against Hela cell line with IC50 (4.38 μg/ml) compared to Doxorubicin (DOX) as synthetic drug (13.3 μg/ml). In addition, the interaction of the pure compound with Hela cancer cell line and gene expression were evaluated. Conclusions The authors recommend cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in large scale under various stress conditions for use the crude extracts and semi purified fractions for making a pharmaco-economic value in Egypt and other countries.

Potential Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Secondary Metabolites of Nostoc linckia Cultivated under Zn and Cu Stress Conditions

“…The obtained results in Figure 4 revealed that the four promising fractions (1, 6, 7 and 8) from 0.44m g/L (Zn) of Nostoc linckia against the promising cell line (Hela cell line) have high antitumor effect ranged from 50 to 90% at 130 and 2000 µg/mL, respectively, with no significant difference between each of tested fraction toward Hela cell line. The antitumor activity revealed in this investigation was similar to that identified by El-fayoumy et al [5], who discovered that a crude extract of Nostoc linckia had anticancer activity against the HCT116 cell line with an IC 50 of 155 µg/mL. Moreover, Alghazeer et al [104] who determined anticancer activity of crude extracts of some macroalgae species such as Ulva lactuca, Cystoseira stricta and Sargassum vulgare they reported that phenolic compounds (polyphenols and flavonoids), which are rich in crude promising extracts showed high antioxidant activity and antiradical characteristics.…”

“…Antioxidant activity results of extracts in this study (Tables 8 and 9) were parallel with that of El-fayoumy et al [5], who found that extract from Nostoc sp was the most effective extract, exhibiting a significant increase in antioxidant activity based on DPPH and ABTS assays (88.18 0.64% and 84.20 1.01%, respectively). Martel et al [79] also tested DPPH radical scavenging capacity of different microalgae and cyanobacteria species in methanolic and aqueous extracts.…”

“…Cyanobacteria are prokaryote that have a simple cellular structure, and photosynthesislike plants but don't have plant cell walls as with primitive bacteria. Cyanobacteria are considered as valuable sources of natural bioactive compounds, such as phenolic, flavonoids, terpenoids, proteins, lipids, vitamins, polysaccharides with considerable nutritional and medicinal value [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Microalgae as Sustainable Bio-Factories of Healthy Lipids: Evaluating Fatty Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity

“…On the other hand, the lowest IC20 value for the DPPH • assay was found for C. vulgaris of 50.5 ± 12.3 µg.mL −1 (TE 191.8 ± 40.0 µmol.g −1 ). Compared to hexane and hexane:chloroform extracts from another study, these extracts did not fare so well [114]. This microalga has current applications in the food industry, being used as a supplement or directly as food.…”

Bioactive Compounds of Ganoderma boninense Inhibited Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Growth by Affecting Their Cell Membrane Permeability and Integrity

“…The crude extract is a combination of complex mixtures with the presence of high complexity and difference in metabolites. Therefore, further purification is always needed for obtaining better biological activity [ 52 ]. The result in Table 2 reveals the normal phase SPE successfully retained and recovered the antibacterial compounds.…”