Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance, biofilm forming potential, and the presence of biofilm-related genes among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Abstract:Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known as a leading cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm production, as two main virulence factors of P. aeruginosa, are responsible for the persistence of prolonged infections. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of biofilm of P. aeruginosa were investigated. Results: A total of 80 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained. Isolates showed resistance to all antibiotic… Show more
“…The smaller sized nanoparticles penetrate the bacterial cell membrane easily and damage the cellular machinery's respiratory chain. As a result, oxidative stress develops and affects the functioning of DNA and RNA paralyzing the cell division and leads to cell death ( Sandhu et al, 2018 , Muramatsu et al, 2018 , Kamali et al, 2020 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The presence of a catheter for a longer period, normally over seven days, inflicts bacteriuria even after one month ( NICE, 2009 ). Bacterial biofilms are reported to be highly recalcitrant to antibiotic therapies because of multiple tolerance mechanisms ( Olivares et al, 2020 , Kamali et al, 2020 , Hrvatin, 2017 ). Kaul et al (2019) recommended alternative therapies for antibiotics to Combat Drug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens.…”
In the search for alternative therapy for infections and other ailments, metallic nanoparticles, mainly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through bioengineered sources are extensively explored. Fungal bioactive compounds and their nanoparticles were reported with the potential biomedical application. A medicinal mushroom
Ganoderma lucidum
was reported as a repository of rich medicinal properties. In the current study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the extracts of
G. lucidum
and its antimicrobial activity was tested against drug-resistant
Escherichia coli
isolated from the catheter used for urinary tract infection (CAUTI). The GC–MS study of
G. lucidum
extracts showed the presence of ethyl acetoacetate ethylene acetal with the highest area percentage of 72.2% and retention time (RT 5873). Pyridine-3-ol is the second primary compound with a peak height of 6.44% and a retention time of 2.143. The third compound is l,4-Dioxane-2,3-diol, with an area of 8.09% and RT 5450. Butylated Hydroxy Toluene [BHT] is the fourth major compound with an area of 3.32%, and 9-Cedranone constitutes the fifth position in occupying the area percentage [1.88] and height 1.56%. Pyrrole is the sixth primary compound registering an area size of 0.96% and height 2.06%. The AgNPs synthesized using
G. lucidum
extract were in size range 23 and 58 nm as per SEM analysis and within the range wavelength 0.556–0.796 nm as per UV–Vis spectral study. FTIR Spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were made to characterize the formed nanoparticles. The AgNPs synthesized effectively inhibited the growth of
E. coli
isolated from catheter-associated urinary tract infection and showed resistance to many drugs. The antioxidant potential of the synthesized nanoparticles assessed using DPPH radical scavenging activity, EC50 (µg/ml), and ARP data showed that the prepared nanoparticles were more potent in free radical scavenging activity than the standard quercetin. The cytotoxicity effect of Ag-NPs on breast cancer cell line- MDA-MB-231 confirmed its anticancer potential. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) of Ag-NPs to inhibit 50% of the tumor was 9.2 g/mL. The synthesized GL-AgNPs was exhibited a multifocal biomedical potential.
“…The smaller sized nanoparticles penetrate the bacterial cell membrane easily and damage the cellular machinery's respiratory chain. As a result, oxidative stress develops and affects the functioning of DNA and RNA paralyzing the cell division and leads to cell death ( Sandhu et al, 2018 , Muramatsu et al, 2018 , Kamali et al, 2020 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The presence of a catheter for a longer period, normally over seven days, inflicts bacteriuria even after one month ( NICE, 2009 ). Bacterial biofilms are reported to be highly recalcitrant to antibiotic therapies because of multiple tolerance mechanisms ( Olivares et al, 2020 , Kamali et al, 2020 , Hrvatin, 2017 ). Kaul et al (2019) recommended alternative therapies for antibiotics to Combat Drug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens.…”
In the search for alternative therapy for infections and other ailments, metallic nanoparticles, mainly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through bioengineered sources are extensively explored. Fungal bioactive compounds and their nanoparticles were reported with the potential biomedical application. A medicinal mushroom
Ganoderma lucidum
was reported as a repository of rich medicinal properties. In the current study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the extracts of
G. lucidum
and its antimicrobial activity was tested against drug-resistant
Escherichia coli
isolated from the catheter used for urinary tract infection (CAUTI). The GC–MS study of
G. lucidum
extracts showed the presence of ethyl acetoacetate ethylene acetal with the highest area percentage of 72.2% and retention time (RT 5873). Pyridine-3-ol is the second primary compound with a peak height of 6.44% and a retention time of 2.143. The third compound is l,4-Dioxane-2,3-diol, with an area of 8.09% and RT 5450. Butylated Hydroxy Toluene [BHT] is the fourth major compound with an area of 3.32%, and 9-Cedranone constitutes the fifth position in occupying the area percentage [1.88] and height 1.56%. Pyrrole is the sixth primary compound registering an area size of 0.96% and height 2.06%. The AgNPs synthesized using
G. lucidum
extract were in size range 23 and 58 nm as per SEM analysis and within the range wavelength 0.556–0.796 nm as per UV–Vis spectral study. FTIR Spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were made to characterize the formed nanoparticles. The AgNPs synthesized effectively inhibited the growth of
E. coli
isolated from catheter-associated urinary tract infection and showed resistance to many drugs. The antioxidant potential of the synthesized nanoparticles assessed using DPPH radical scavenging activity, EC50 (µg/ml), and ARP data showed that the prepared nanoparticles were more potent in free radical scavenging activity than the standard quercetin. The cytotoxicity effect of Ag-NPs on breast cancer cell line- MDA-MB-231 confirmed its anticancer potential. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) of Ag-NPs to inhibit 50% of the tumor was 9.2 g/mL. The synthesized GL-AgNPs was exhibited a multifocal biomedical potential.
“…The colonies are usually heavily mucoid on solid media. It has been reported that mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas strains and most bacteria include multidrug efflux pumps and downregulation of outer membrane porins, whereas virulence may include secretion of toxins and the ability to form biofilms [78,79]. A natural property of Pseudomonas is the possession of multiple mechanisms for different forms of antibiotic resistance [80], and this may have facilitated its occurrence in boreholes and sachet water.…”
Water from boreholes and packaged commercial sachet water from different areas in a community in southern Nigeria was analyzed with membrane filtration for a snapshot of heterotrophic count and coliforms. Two boreholes out of the 20 analyzed had counts of over 500 Cfu/mL and 7 boreholes indicated the presence of coliforms. Sixteen samples out of 20 sachet water brands analyzed showed a regulatory product registration code, whereas 4 samples had no number or code indicating that they were not registered. The heterotrophic count of all sachet water was well within the limit for all samples analyzed, and coliform was detected in only two samples. The overall quality of borehole water in the community studied was rated D (65%), whereas the sachet water was rated C (90%) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) surveillance guidelines. Improvements in water quality structure in the community studied are required to help achieve WHO sustainable development goals on water sanitation. The etiology, virulence properties, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of bacteria associated with borehole and sachet water are also discussed.
“…All isolates contained these genes with the exception of rpoN. Notably not identified by whole genome sequencing in this cohort were pslD, pelF, and gacS, genes previously determined to be common amongst biofilm-producing pseudomonas isolates [23,25]. Genes involved in c-di-GMP regulation are also well-established in the pathophysiology of biofilm production, but were not surveyed in this study, including siaD, nbdA, dipA, cdrA, PA4781, or PA4108 [26].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 85%
“…Unique to post operative endophthalmitis, intraocular foreign material, such as a lens implant can serve as a surface for bacteria to attach, and potentially as a nidus for bacteria to grow within a biofilm. Some of the most cited genes implicated in biofilm production include algD, rhlR, rpoS, and rpoN, the latter two providing anti-phagocytotic capability against host defenses [ 23 – 25 ]. All isolates contained these genes with the exception of rpoN .…”
Purpose
To demonstrate antibiotic susceptibility and genomic virulence factor profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients with culture-confirmed endophthalmitis.
Methods
Clinical isolates from patients diagnosed with pseudomonas endophthalmitis were included. Laboratory antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing was performed on all isolates.
Results
In the current study, 8 patients had vitreous culture-confirmed endophthalmitis due to P. aeruginosa. All isolates were multi-drug resistant but sensitive to ceftazidime and each fluoroquinolone tested. Whole genome sequencing revealed a total of 179 unique genes. The most common type of virulence genes included those involved in adherence and the secretion system. Seven of 8 (88%) isolates were of the cytoinvasive phenotype (exoST) and no isolates contained exoU.
Conclusions
P. aeruginosa associated endophthalmitis is often multi-drug resistant and demonstrates a variety of virulence factors with those involved in adherence and the secretion system being the most common.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
