Evaluation of Antigen Detection Kits for Diagnosis of Equine Influenza

Yamanaka, Takashi; Tsujimura, Koji; Kondo, Takashi; Matsumura, Tomio

doi:10.1292/jvms.70.189

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…The Directigen Flu A test was the least sensitive method for detection of EIV. In a similar study, Yamanaka et al (46) demonstrated that VI in embryonated eggs is more sensitive than the five rapid antigen detection kits evaluated. Furthermore, analysis of nasal swabs from a limited number of experimentally inoculated horses also showed that VI by egg inoculation and the standard RT-PCR had comparable sensitivities in detecting EIV (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…These methods are time-consuming and cumbersome. In the past decade, antigen detection immunoassays, such as the Directigen Flu A test kit (Becton-Dickinson, Sparks, MD) and nucleic acid amplification-based assays (standard reverse transcription-PCR [RT-PCR] or real-time RT-PCR [rRT-PCR]), were developed and evaluated by various groups (7,13,15,16,26,30,34,35,46). The antigen detection immunoassay kits are designed to detect the NP of both influenza A and B viruses (7,40).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The antigen detection immunoassay kits are designed to detect the NP of both influenza A and B viruses (7,40). Of the commercially available antigen detection immunoassays, the Directigen Flu A test has been used for some considerable time to detect EIV in nasal swabs by certain laboratories (7,46). While this assay has been found to be most useful as an initial screening test to confirm a diagnosis of EI during an outbreak, its limited sensitivity does not make it an ideal method for the diagnosis of EIV infection on an individual animal basis (34).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Development and Evaluation of One-Step TaqMan Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays Targeting Nucleoprotein, Matrix, and Hemagglutinin Genes of Equine Influenza Virus

Lu¹,

Chambers²,

Boliar³

et al. 2009

J Clin Microbiol

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The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate new TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) assays by the use of the minor groove binding probe to detect a wide range of equine influenza virus (EIV) strains comprising both subtypes of the virus (H3N8 and H7N7). A total of eight rRT-PCR assays were developed, targeting the nucleoprotein (NP), matrix (M), and hemagglutinin (HA) genes of the two EIV subtypes. None of the eight assays cross-reacted with any of the other known equine respiratory viruses. Three rRT-PCR assays (EqFlu NP, M, and HA3) which can detect strains of the H3N8 subtype were evaluated using nasal swabs received for routine diagnosis and swabs collected from experimentally inoculated horses. All three rRT-PCR assays have greater specificity and sensitivity than virus isolation by egg inoculation (93%, 89%, and 87% sensitivity for EqFlu NP, EqFlu M, and EqFlu HA3 assays, respectively). These assays had analytical sensitivities of >10 EIV RNA molecules. Comparison of the sensitivities of rRT-PCR assays targeting the NP and M genes of both subtypes with egg inoculation and the Directigen Flu A test clearly shows that molecular assays provide the highest sensitivity. The EqFlu HA7 assay targeting the H7 HA gene is highly specific for the H7N7 subtype of EIV. It should enable highly reliable surveillance for the H7N7 subtype, which is thought to be extinct or possibly still circulating at a very low level in nature. The assays that we developed provide a fast and reliable means of EIV diagnosis and subtype identification of EIV subtypes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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confidence: 99%

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Development and Evaluation of One-Step TaqMan Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays Targeting Nucleoprotein, Matrix, and Hemagglutinin Genes of Equine Influenza Virus

Lu¹,

Chambers²,

Boliar³

et al. 2009

J Clin Microbiol

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“…PCR was also performed to detect the specific genes of equid herpesvirus (EHV) 1 and 4 in nasal swabs [12]. Rapid antigen detection kits were used to detect equine influenza virus in nasal swabs (Espline Influenza A&B-N, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan) [22] and equine rotavirus in fecal samples (Dipstick "Eiken" Rota, Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd., Shimotsuga-gun, Japan) [15]. MLCB agar plates (Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) were used to isolate Salmonella species from samples selectively enriched with Hajna tetrathionate broth (Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd.).…”

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confidence: 99%

Epidemic of Equine Coronavirus at Obihiro Racecourse, Hokkaido, Japan in 2012

Oue¹,

Morita²,

Kondo

et al. 2013

J. Vet. Med. Sci.

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ABSTRACT. Equine coronavirus (ECoV) outbreaks have occurred three times at Obihiro Racecourse in Hokkaido, Japan. The third ECoV outbreak occurred between late February and early April 2012. The main clinical signs of affected horses were anorexia, pyrexia and leucopenia; gastrointestinal disease was observed in about 10% of affected horses. Two ECoV strains were isolated from diarrheal samples. All paired sera (9/9) collected from febrile horses showed seroconversion by neutralization test. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the ECoV isolated showed that putative amino acid sequences in S and N genes were highly conserved among ECoV strains. In contrast, sequences of the region coding 4.7kDa non-structural protein (p4.7) differed among the strains. Because of the diversity of the p4.7 region, this region should be useful for epidemiological investigation of ECoV.

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“…The nasal swabs from these horses immersed in 2.5 ml of lactate broth medium containing 0.005% (w/v) gentamicin sulfate were tested by the rapid antigen detection (RAD) kit for influenza type A and B viruses (ESPLINE Flu A+B, Fujirebio, Japan) [11]. As a result, 12 samples showed positive results for influenza type A virus (Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Epidemic of Equine Influenza among Vaccinated Racehorses in Japan in 2007

Yamanaka

Niwa

Tsujimura

et al. 2008

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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108

101

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ABSTRACT. On August 2007, we encountered equine influenza epidemic by Florida sub-lineage strain (H3N8) in Japan Racing Association's facilities where 4142 racehorses in total were stabled. The number of new febrile cases sharply increased, but the occurrence was rapidly calmed down within 2 weeks. The morbidity rate in these facilities was 12.8% and the subclinical infection rate of healthy racehorses examined by rapid antigen detection tests was 19.4% at the early stage of epidemic. The serological studies along with the low morbidity rate and the existence of numbers of asymptomatically infected racehorses, suggested that the cross-reactivity of the antibodies provided by vaccination against the epidemic strain contributed to reducing the morbidity rate and duration of epidemic. KEY WORDS: equine influenza, racehorses, vaccine.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 70(6): 623-625, 2008 Equine influenza virus (EIV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of horses, due to its rapid spread among susceptible animals. Infected horses with EIV develop typical respiratory disorders including acute onset of pyrexia, nasal discharge, coughing and depression [10,12]. This viral infection has lead to severe economic loss to the horse industries, for example, in Hong Kong in 1992 [9] and in South Africa in 1986 [3], horseracing was obliged to be cancelled for several months. Also in Japan, from 1971 to 1972, the outbreak of EI was occurred and the horseracing was cancelled for 2 months [5]. Owing to extensive vaccination for horses after 1972, no EI occurrences had been reported in Japan. In recent years, since the EI occurrences by EIV which is classified into Florida sub-lineage diverged from American lineage were reported in some foreign countries [7,8], the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) recommends A/equine/Ohio/1/03-like strain classified into the same sub-lineage as vaccine strain (http://www.oie.int/ eng/Eq%20inf%20conc%20%20recs%202005.pdf). Strains currently contained in the Japanese inactivated whole vaccine are A/equine/La Plata/93 (H3N8 American lineage, La Plata/93), A/equine/Avesta/93 (H3N8 Eurasian lineage, Avesta/93), and A/equine/Newmarket/77 (H7N7). The Japanese vaccines against EIV have not contained the recommended strain yet. On August 2007, the authors met an epidemic of EI in the facilities of the Japan Racing Association (JRA), Miho Training Center (Miho TC, Ibaraki prefecture), Ritto Training Center (Ritto TC, Shiga prefecture), Sapporo Racecourse (Sapporo RC, Hokkaido prefecture), Hakodate Racecourse (Hakodate RC, Hokkaido prefecture) and Kokura Racecourse (Kokura RC, Fukuoka prefecture). Each facility stabled 1599, 1367, 494, 532 and 150 racehorses registered by JRA at the onset of the epidemic, respectively. All horses were stabled under high standards of management and veterinary care by JRA, and received booster vaccinations at intervals of six months following a primary vaccination in mandatory. All horses were lastly vaccinated for EI in May 2007. This note provides the overview of th...

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Evaluation of Antigen Detection Kits for Diagnosis of Equine Influenza

Cited by 25 publications

References 13 publications

Development and Evaluation of One-Step TaqMan Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays Targeting Nucleoprotein, Matrix, and Hemagglutinin Genes of Equine Influenza Virus

Development and Evaluation of One-Step TaqMan Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays Targeting Nucleoprotein, Matrix, and Hemagglutinin Genes of Equine Influenza Virus

Epidemic of Equine Coronavirus at Obihiro Racecourse, Hokkaido, Japan in 2012

Epidemic of Equine Influenza among Vaccinated Racehorses in Japan in 2007

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