Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Enzyme Inhibition and Hemolytic Activities of Caryopteris Odorata Fractions

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore the antibacterial, antifungal, enzyme inhibition and hemolytic activities of various fractions of Caryopteris odorata (Ham. Ex Roxb.). The methanolic extract of plant was dissolved in distilled water and partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol sequentially. Antibacterial activity was checked against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pasturella multocida and Escherichia coli by the disc diffusion method using streptomycin sulphate, a standard antibiotic, as positive control. Polar fractions showed good antibacterial potential against these strains. These fractions also showed good MIC values. Antifungal activity was studied against four fungi i.e. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Ganoderma lucidum and Alternaria alternata by the disc diffusion method using fluconazole, a standard antifungal drug, as positive control. Ethyl acetate fraction was found active against A. niger and G. lucidum while chloroform and n-butanol fractions were active against A. flavus. Enzyme inhibition studies were performed against four enzymes i.e. α-glucosidase, butyrylcholinesterase, acetylcholinesterase and lipoxygenase. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol soluble fraction exhibited good activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 values 79.77 ± 0.97 and 82.77 ± 0.88 respectively. Chloroform soluble fraction showed moderate activity against butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 69.71 ± 0.95) while chloroform and ethyl acetate soluble fraction exhibited good activity against the lipoxygenase with IC50 values 65.28 ± 0.57 and 78.71 ± 0.69 respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction showed high toxicity i.e. 85.14 ± 0.83 %.

Caryopteris odorata and its metabolite coumarin attenuate characteristic features of cardiometabolic syndrome in high-refined carbohydrate-high fat-cholesterol-loaded feed-fed diet rats

“…The observed effects might be achieved due to the presence of a diverse nature of phytoconstituents in the plant. This effect is in line with previously reported in vitro α-glucosidase activity of C. odorata ( Abbasi M. et al, 2014 ), which also supports the anti-diabetic action of C. odorata . C. odorata and coumarin administration caused an improvement in HRCHFC diet-induced impaired glucose tolerance in a dose-dependent manner, evident by its positive impact in the oral glucose tolerance test and assessed FBG levels.…”

“…The traditional use of C. odorata in the treatment of diabetes and its α-glucosidase-inhibitory activity ( Abbasi M. et al, 2014 ) provide a sound basis to its potential use as an anti-diabetic. Furthermore, C. odorata has high amount of coumarin as phenolic content ( Joshi et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Many studies have shown that the phytoconstituents of C. odorata account for its multiple therapeutic properties ( Shahzadi et al, 2012 ; Abbasi M. et al, 2014 ; Abbasi M. A. et al, 2014 ; Abbasi et al, 2017 ; Joshi et al, 2019 ). Flavonoids and phenolic compounds have much biological potential due to their antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties ( Prince et al, 2021 ).…”

“…The pharmacological effects of C. odorata , its derived iridoids, and the essential oils of its leaf, stem, and flower feature superodixe dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging ( Joshi et al, 2019 ), and antioxidant ( Shahzadi et al, 2011 ; Shahzadi et al, 2012 ; Shahzadi et al, 2013 ; Abbasi M. A. et al, 2014 ; Singh et al, 2014 ; Joshi et al, 2019 ) and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities ( Shahzadi et al, 2011 ). It has also been reported to possess anti-inflammatory ( Joshi et al, 2019 ), antimicrobial, antifungal, hemolytic ( Abbasi M. et al, 2014 ; Singh et al, 2014 ), anti-urease, and anti-tyrosinase properties ( Shahzadi et al, 2012 ). Furthermore, C. odorata has also shown enzyme inhibition potential against α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, butylcholinestrase, and lipo-oxygenase ( Shahzadi et al, 2013 ; Abbasi M. et al, 2014 ), thus providing indirect evidence for its use in diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension.…”

“…It has also been reported to possess anti-inflammatory ( Joshi et al, 2019 ), antimicrobial, antifungal, hemolytic ( Abbasi M. et al, 2014 ; Singh et al, 2014 ), anti-urease, and anti-tyrosinase properties ( Shahzadi et al, 2012 ). Furthermore, C. odorata has also shown enzyme inhibition potential against α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, butylcholinestrase, and lipo-oxygenase ( Shahzadi et al, 2013 ; Abbasi M. et al, 2014 ), thus providing indirect evidence for its use in diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. C. odorata has also been reported to be enriched with diverse phytoconstituents, including quercetin, gallic acid, cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, ursolic acid, coumarins, and their derivative furanocoumarin (psoralen, methoxsalen, oxypeucedanin, isoimperatorin, and bergamottin) ( Abbasi et al, 2017 ), stigmasterol, α-tocopherol, β-caryophyllene, α-and β-longipinene, α-humulene, caryophyllene oxide, germacrene B and D, and α-bisabolol.…”