Evaluation of an Klliptical Exerciser in Comparison to Treadmill Walking and Running, Stationary Cycling, and Stepping

Porcari, John P.; Zedaker, J. M.; Naser, L.; Miller, Matthew C.

doi:10.1097/00005768-199805001-00958

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The elliptical has an inclination range of 13-40 degrees (CrossRamp® setting [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] and a resistance setting range from levels 1 to 20 (lowest setting used). The model did not have arm levers; thus the movement of the pedals was a result of the lower extremities only.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the specific elliptical trainer model and exercise bout machine settings were not reported, Porcari, Zedaker, Naser, and Miller [4][5][6] found that pedal reaction forces (PRF) during elliptical exercise were similar to treadmill walking but not running with sixteen adult subjects at a self-selected pace. Lu, Chien and Chen and Lu and Chien [4,5] examined overground walking and elliptical striding of male adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Ramp Position on Joint Biomechanics During Elliptical Trainer Exercise

Knutzen¹,

McLaughlin²,

Lawson³

et al. 2014

TOSSJ

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Introduction:The elliptical trainer, developed to simulate running while minimizing joint loads, elicits a unique lower extremity biomechanical response. The purpose of this study was to examine the angular kinematics, peak net joint moments, and peak joint powers at the hip, knee and ankle joints while exercising at three different ramp settings on the elliptical trainer exercise machine (Precor EFX).Methods: Twenty-six healthy individuals with no history of lower extremity injury and with previous experience exercising on an elliptical trainer volunteered for this study. Motion was captured with two cameras as subjects performed exercise at three ramp conditions. The pedal resistance was kept constant at the lowest setting. The pedals of the elliptical were fitted with three orthogonal load cells. Video and force data were synchronized and used to perform a 2D inverse dynamics analysis.Results: As the ramp inclination increased, subjects demonstrated greater amounts of ankle dorsiflexion, knee flexion, hip flexion and lesser degrees of plantar flexion and hip extension (p <.000). Mean peak moments at the ankle joint were not significantly different across the ramp settings, but peak knee extensor and hip flexor moments increased while knee flexor and hip extensor at the hip decreased (p <.000). As the ramp inclination increased, peak positive power at both the knee and hip significantly decreased and negative power decreased at the knee joint (p <.000), though the effect size for these changes was small. Conclusions:The hip and knee joints were observed as the primary sources of power during exercise on the elliptical trainer at the lowest resistance setting.

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Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Ramp Position on Joint Biomechanics During Elliptical Trainer Exercise

Knutzen¹,

McLaughlin²,

Lawson³

et al. 2014

TOSSJ

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show abstract

“…Porcari et al (26) found that the elliptical ergometer had less than half of the vertical ground reaction forces compared to treadmill running. Due to the lower stress placed on the body, the elliptical ergometer may provide a safe alternative to the treadmill in determining aerobic fitness in individuals with orthopedic limitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Practical Assessment Methods to Determine Treadmill, Cycle, and Elliptical Ergometer JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201005000-00024/OV0312_8/v/2021-02-09T093711Z/r/image-png O2peak

Mays

Boer

Mealey

et al. 2010

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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This investigation compared estimated and predicted peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and maximal heart rate (HRmax) among the treadmill, cycle ergometer and elliptical ergometer. Seventeen women (mean ± SE: 21.9 ± .3 yrs) exercised to exhaustion on all modalities. ACSM metabolic equations were used to estimate VO2peak. Digital displays on the elliptical ergometer were used to estimate VO2peak. Two individual linear regression methods were used to predict VO2peak: 1) two steady state heart rate (HR) responses up to 85% of age-predicted HRmax, and 2) multiple steady state/non-steady state HR responses up to 85% of age-predicted HRmax. Estimated VO2peak for the treadmill (46.3 ± 1.3 ml · kg−1 · min−1) and the elliptical ergometer (44.4 ± 1.0 ml · kg−1 · min−1) did not differ. The cycle ergometer estimated VO2peak (36.5 ± 1.0 ml · kg−1 · min−1) was lower (p < .001) than the estimated VO2peak values for the treadmill and elliptical ergometer. Elliptical ergometer VO2peak predicted from steady state (51.4 ± .8 ml · kg−1 · min−1) and steady state/non-steady state (50.3 ± 2.0 ml · kg−1 · min−1) models were higher than estimated elliptical ergometer VO2peak, p < .01. HRmax and estimates of VO2peak were similar between the treadmill and elliptical ergometer, thus cross-modal exercise prescriptions may be generated. The use of digital display estimates of submaximal oxygen uptake for the elliptical ergometer may not be an accurate method for predicting VO2peak. Health-fitness professionals should use caution when utilizing submaximal elliptical ergometer digital display estimates to predict VO2peak.

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“…15,16 Elliptical trainers are assumed to offer the benefits of walking without its negative effects (impulsive forces) by providing a walking-like exercise, while maintaining constant foot contact with the pedal platforms. 1,4,17 Porcari et al 18 measured normal pedal reaction force (PRF) during EE and reported that the peak normal PRFs were similar to the peak vertical reaction forces during treadmill walking, and intermediate to those observed during cycling and treadmill running. Since the shear components were not measured and the pedals were rotating during EE, the actual vertical, a-p and m-l components of the PRF could not be obtained.…”

Section: 13mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Pedal Rates on Pedal Reaction Forces During Elliptical Exercise

Chien

Tsai

2007

Biomed. Eng. Appl. Basis Commun.

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Despite the growing popularity in recent years of elliptical exercise (EE), little is known regarding the loadings applied to the body during EE. Since overloading to the body may lead to early fatigue of the muscles and increase the incidence of overuse injuries, such information is necessary for safe use of the elliptical trainer (ET) as a fitness tool. The current study aimed to determine the typical patterns and loading rates of the measured pedal reaction forces (PRF), and to quantify their differences from those during level walking, and the effects of pedaling rate. Fifteen male adults performed level walking and EE while 3D marker data, right PRFs and ground reaction forces (GRF) were measured. The parameters of the ET were set for two different pedal rates: 50 rpm and 70 rpm. For each pedal rate, the parameters were set to match the variables measured during level walking, with a mean step length of 55% leg length and no workload. During early stance the vertical PRF was smaller than the GRF, while the medial and posterior PRF were greater. PRFs also occurred during swing. Loading rates around heelstrike during EE were all smaller than those during walking. The medial, anterior and posterior PRF, as well as the medial and vertial loading rates increased with increasing pedal rates. The basic force patterns of EE and the effects of pedal rate were established in order to determine the true potential for such instrumentation in locomotion analysis. The results will be helpful for future related studies.

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Evaluation of an Klliptical Exerciser in Comparison to Treadmill Walking and Running, Stationary Cycling, and Stepping

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Influence of Ramp Position on Joint Biomechanics During Elliptical Trainer Exercise

Influence of Ramp Position on Joint Biomechanics During Elliptical Trainer Exercise

A Comparison of Practical Assessment Methods to Determine Treadmill, Cycle, and Elliptical Ergometer JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201005000-00024/OV0312_8/v/2021-02-09T093711Z/r/image-png O2peak

The Effects of Pedal Rates on Pedal Reaction Forces During Elliptical Exercise

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