Abstract:Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) can assess tissue stiffness by calculating the speed of sound (SOS) through tissues. SOS increases as tissue stiffness increases. Sensitivity to protease digestion depends on protein type, concentration, and modification. We analyzed the SOS images of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin sections from elderly, young, diabetic, and nondiabetic subjects, as well as chronic and acute wounds. SAM provided high-resolution histology similar to LM and revealed characteristic SOS al… Show more
“…Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) (1)(2) can visualize both histological and mechanical alterations, and the digital data it provides are comparable between different situations and stimulus durations (3)(4) (5). To date, we have reported the application of SAM in various states or diseases such as cancer cells (6), lymph nodes (7), lungs (8), thyroids (9), stomach (10), skin wound (11), aorta (12), aortic valve (13), and renal artery (14).…”
Cells receive external stimuli to incur structural and functional damages. On scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), speed-of-sound (SOS), attenuation-of-sound (AOS), and thickness values are plotted on the screen to create cellular images, which are related to stiffness, viscosity, and cell size, respectively. The obtained digital data compared using statistical analysis. We aimed to investigate the effects of anticancer drugs, acidic fluids, and heat effects on the cells by using SAM. Anticancer drug cisplatin induced cancer cell apoptosis/necrosis and regeneration in culture, causing elevated SOS, reduced AOS, and thickness. During a more prolonged incubation, the SAM values fluctuated differently between the cisplatin-treated and untreated cells. The tannic and acetic acid and microwave stimuli induced SOS and AOS elevations. These stimuli altered the cell size, number, differentiation, viscosity, and stiffness, which corresponded well to the fluctuation of the SOS and AOS values after incubation. Different anticancer drugs interacted with cancer cells to induce the characteristic alterations of the SAM values. These structural and mechanical alterations induced in cells was difficult to observe on light microscopy. Cellular damages were statistically compared between different stimuli and time-lapse cellular changes were observed using a SAM analysis. SAM is a useful modality to evaluate cellular damage.
“…Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) (1)(2) can visualize both histological and mechanical alterations, and the digital data it provides are comparable between different situations and stimulus durations (3)(4) (5). To date, we have reported the application of SAM in various states or diseases such as cancer cells (6), lymph nodes (7), lungs (8), thyroids (9), stomach (10), skin wound (11), aorta (12), aortic valve (13), and renal artery (14).…”
Cells receive external stimuli to incur structural and functional damages. On scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), speed-of-sound (SOS), attenuation-of-sound (AOS), and thickness values are plotted on the screen to create cellular images, which are related to stiffness, viscosity, and cell size, respectively. The obtained digital data compared using statistical analysis. We aimed to investigate the effects of anticancer drugs, acidic fluids, and heat effects on the cells by using SAM. Anticancer drug cisplatin induced cancer cell apoptosis/necrosis and regeneration in culture, causing elevated SOS, reduced AOS, and thickness. During a more prolonged incubation, the SAM values fluctuated differently between the cisplatin-treated and untreated cells. The tannic and acetic acid and microwave stimuli induced SOS and AOS elevations. These stimuli altered the cell size, number, differentiation, viscosity, and stiffness, which corresponded well to the fluctuation of the SOS and AOS values after incubation. Different anticancer drugs interacted with cancer cells to induce the characteristic alterations of the SAM values. These structural and mechanical alterations induced in cells was difficult to observe on light microscopy. Cellular damages were statistically compared between different stimuli and time-lapse cellular changes were observed using a SAM analysis. SAM is a useful modality to evaluate cellular damage.
“…Many researchers have been used SAM for biomedical applications to investigate tissues and cells, including culture cells and living cells [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. We have reported the application of SAM in examining various states or diseases in cancer cells [ 8 ], lymph nodes [ 9 ], the lungs [ 10 ], thyroid [ 11 ], stomach [ 12 ], skin wounds [ 13 ], aorta [ 14 ], aortic valve [ 15 ], and renal artery [ 16 ] using clinical samples. Figure 1 Principles of scanning acoustic microscopy.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Figure13. Scanning acoustic microscopy images of ovarian adenocarcinoma cells incubated in different tannic acid concentrations.…”
Cells incur structural and functional damage from external stimuli. Under scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), speed of sound (SOS), attenuation, and thickness values are plotted to visualize cellular stiffness, viscosity, and size. The obtained digital data are then compared using statistical analysis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the alterations in the mechanical and structural characteristics of cancer cells in response to anticancer drugs, acidic fluids, and microwave burdens using SAM. We found that active untreated cells showed increased thickness and reduced SOS and attenuation, whereas dying treated cells displayed reduced thickness and increased SOS. Tannic and acetic acid treatments and microwave irradiation all increased SOS and attenuation and reduced thickness, which meant that these treatments made cells thinner, stiffer, and more viscous. Furthermore, the different anticancer drugs interacted with cancer cells to induce characteristic changes in SAM values. These structural and mechanical alterations induced in cells were difficult to observe under light microscopy. However, under SAM, cancer cell activity and function corresponded consistently with changes in SAM values. Cellular damage parameters were statistically compared between the different treatments, and time-dependent cellular changes were established. SAM observation can therefore reliably evaluate cancer cell damage and recovery after chemotherapy and physical therapy. These results may help evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of various treatments.
“…Although this method offers high resolution, it is difficult to relate the observed region to traditional histology analysis. Recent advancements in Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM) has induced considerable interest to this method for assessment of both histological and elastic properties using the same tissue section 13,14 . This technique demonstrates great concordance with histology analysis based on light microscopy 15,16 .…”
Intense pulsed light (IPL) is a high-intensity treatment for skin disorders and ageing. As this treatment regime is often poorly regulated and inadequately studied, we investigate IPL as a cosmetic device and its effects on dermal collagen components of the skin. Biopsies from the back-neck folds of a 4-week-old, 25 kg large white pig were irradiated with intense pulsed light (IPL) (l= 584 nm) at an increased radiation dose of 40 J/cm 2 once, thrice and ten times. Samples were cryo-sectioned (10 µm) and stained with picro sirrus red. Ex-vivo biopsies were assessed with polarized light microscopy (PLM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning acoustic microscopy. Customized software was used to map the sound speed and attenuation on the ultrasonic images Differences in collagen structure were observed between all three levels of irradiation progressing depth-wise into the epidermis. Ex-vivo porcine tissue demonstrated loss of D-banding and gelatinization with increasing dermal depth with higher intensities. Acoustic microscopy demonstrated a significant decrease in sound speed and attenuation that relates to the number of exposures. Sound speed decreases at much faster rates than attenuation.
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