Evaluation of AFP surveillance indicators in polio-free Ghana, 2009–2013

Odoom, John Kofi; Ntim, Nana Afia Asante; Sarkodie, Badu; Addo, James; Minta-Asare, Keren; Obodai, Evangeline; Eshun, Miriam; Ahove, Vincent V; Diamenu, Stanley; Adjabeng, Michael; Arthur-Quarm, Jacob; Barnor, Jacob Samson

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-687

Cited by 41 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This study has found higher incidence of AFP among boys than in girls, 59.22% and 40.78% respectively though it is not statistically significant (p= 0.992). The similar findings of higher incidence of AFP among boys than in girls were observed in other studies as well [22,24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Polio Eradication in Bangladesh: Evaluation of AFP Surveillance Indicators, 2011-2015

Habib¹

2017

IJI

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Abstract:As per recommendation from WHO, Bangladesh began a comprehensive plan for AFP (Acute Flaccid Paralysis) and EPI (Expanded Program on Immunisation) disease surveillance from 1997. The country has been maintaining key performance indicators for AFP surveillance for the past ten years. Bangladesh has been declared polio free on 27 th March 2014. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and describe results of AFP surveillance indicators for Bangladesh showing the progress made over time as well as identifying areas, which needs further improvements to maintain the polio free status. This retrospective study has been conducted using the surveillance data routinely collected from AFP cases on demographic characteristics and clinical & laboratory examination. Data of 7480 children less than 15 years old reported between January 2011 to December 2015 have been included in this study. Among all reported cases 59.22% cases were male children with a male: female ratio of 1.45:1. 54% of the reported AFP cases within the study period belong to 1-4 years of age. Among all reported cases, 56% have been diagnosed with Guillain-Barre Syndrome or GBS. Annual Non-Polio AFP rate has been successfully achieved nationally for each study year. Completeness and Timeliness of passive reporting from facilities have been satisfactory. 98% or more of all reported AFP cases within the study period has been investigated within 48 hours of notification. For over 95% of all reported AFP cases two stool samples were collected within 14 days of case reporting. 60 plus day follow up has been performed for at least 99% reported AFP cases within the study period. All epidemiological and laboratory surveillance indicators were successfully met for AFP surveillance. However it is important for Bangladesh to maintain long-term AFP case based surveillance along with introduction of Environmental surveillance due to the risk of poliovirus importation before global polio eradication.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Polio Eradication in Bangladesh: Evaluation of AFP Surveillance Indicators, 2011-2015

Habib¹

2017

IJI

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“…4% in Ghana and 67.2% in South Africa. 14,15 Regarding the incidence of AFP by gender, we observed similar distribution with 55% and 45% for male and female, respectively. Our results are very similar to studies performed in other areas such as Ghana, 55.8%, South Africa 54.3% for male.…”

Section: Non-polio Isolation Ratesupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Our results are very similar to studies performed in other areas such as Ghana, 55.8%, South Africa 54.3% for male. 14,15 The temperature in which the fecal samples were received at the laboratory was another important indicator analyzed. In recent study, Walker and coworkers demonstrated the effect of transport temperature on the viability of poliovirus in stool specimens suggesting that this point is important to be analyzed in tropical regions.…”

Section: Non-polio Isolation Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…17,18,19,20 However, the frequency of NPEV isolation in our study was much lower than reported in other countries such as Egypt (17.6%) and Ghana (20%). 21,14 The rates under 10% can reflect a low circulation of NPEV in the country. Moreover, other factors could explain a decrease in the NPEV isolation rate: The loss of sensitivity of the isolation methods or inadequate conditions of sample collection and storage before the transportation.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Acute flaccid paralysis laboratorial surveillance in a polio-free country: Brazil, 2005–2014

Sousa

Burlandy

Oliveira

et al. 2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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The last case of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus in Brazil occurred in 1989. The interruption of the indigenous poliovirus transmission was obtained through mass immunization campaigns to eligible children and an active epidemiological and laboratorial surveillance of all cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) among children under 15 y of age. This paper describes and evaluates the performance of the AFP surveillance system in different geographic areas of Brazil between 2005 and 2014, using indicators recommended by WHO. AFP surveillance indicators as well as virological investigation of polio and nonpolio enteroviruses in stool samples received in the laboratory were assessed from 2005-2014. During the period, 5463 cases of AFP were investigated. Of these, 55% were males and 45% were females. Those under 5 y of age represented 48% of all cases reported and investigated. AFP notification rate was within the acceptable values with mean value of 1.3 (North), 1.4 (Northeast), 1.1 (Southern), 1.0 (Southeast) and 1.4 (Midwest) cases of AFP per 100.000 population aged 15 y as well as the adequacy of fecal specimens received in the laboratory. Sabin-related polioviruses accounted for 1.7% of the isolates while, 6.7% were non-polio enterovirus with the values ranging from 5.0% to 8.9 %. No wild-type polio was found. The AFP epidemiological and laboratorial surveillance activities have been kept at appropriate levels in Brazil. These data are a very strong indication, which supports the status of country free of polio.

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“…Looking at Ghana, a country neighbouring Nigeria, which has cultural similarities, the last case of indigenous wild poliovirus was recorded in 1999; still, the country had two more outbreaks in 2003 and 2008. The result of these two outbreaks made the government double its effort to interrupt the virus through adherence to high routine immunization coverage with liveattenuated oral polio vaccine, improved AFP surveillance and supplementary immunization activities [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Behind Low NPENT Rate in Bauchi State in 2015

Saleh¹

2016

SJPH

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Abstract:The need for a country or region to achieve certification as polio-free requires spending at least 3 consecutive years without a reported case of polio. Meeting the acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) core surveillance indicators forms an important requirement during the stipulated period towards achieving certification. In addition to meeting the AFP core indicators, non-polio enteroviruses (NPENT) rate is key in evaluating whether the reported AFP meets the minimum required to be tag as true AFP. This cross-sectional quantitative study distributed questionnaires to 20 disease surveillance and notification officers (DSNOs) on the AFP surveillance network of Bauchi State, Nigeria. The responses were collated and analyzed accordingly. The result shows that although 20 (100%) DSNOs/assistant DSNOs were involved in the process of stool collection only 12 (60%) participated in the process for all cases reported in their respective LGAs in 2015. Additionally, while 9 (45%) of the respondents admit that specimen are batched in Bauchi prior transporting to Gombe, 18 (90%) of the responses shows that specimen are batched in Gombe for onward delivery to the national polio laboratory in Ibadan. Thus, the low NPENT rate (10.3%) recorded in Bauchi in 2015 could be attributed to factors that include batching of specimens before the final analysis in national polio laboratory, failure of DSNOs/assistant DSNOs to fully participate in the process of stool collection of reported AFP cases. Thus, there is need to avoid batching of stool specimen at all levels to avoid compromising outcome of the final analysis.

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Evaluation of AFP surveillance indicators in polio-free Ghana, 2009–2013

Cited by 41 publications

References 10 publications

Polio Eradication in Bangladesh: Evaluation of AFP Surveillance Indicators, 2011-2015

Polio Eradication in Bangladesh: Evaluation of AFP Surveillance Indicators, 2011-2015

Acute flaccid paralysis laboratorial surveillance in a polio-free country: Brazil, 2005–2014

Factors Behind Low NPENT Rate in Bauchi State in 2015

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