Evaluation of admission levels of P, E and L selectins as predictors for thrombosis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients

Abstract

Thromboembolic complications are the most reported cause of death in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Hypercoagulability, platelets activation and endotheliopathy are well-recognized features in COVID-19 patients. The aim of this work was to evaluate circulating soluble selectins P, E and L at the time of hospital admission as predictors for upcoming thrombosis. This retrospective study included 103 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 50 healthy volunteer controls. COVID-19 patients were categorized into two groups; group 1 who developed thrombosis during hospitalization and group 2 who did not. Soluble selectins were quantitated using ELISA technique. Higher levels of sP-selectin, sE-selectin and sL-selectin were detected in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Furthermore, significantly higher levels were found in group 1 compared to group 2. Their means were [5.86 ± 1.72 ng/mL vs. 2.51 ± 0.81 ng/mL]; [50 ± 8.57 ng/mL vs. 23.96 ± 6.31 ng/mL] and [4.66 ± 0.83 ng/mL vs. 2.95 ± 0.66 ng/mL] for sP-selectin, sE-selectin and sL-selectin respectively. The elevated selectins correlated with the currently used laboratory biomarkers of disease severity. After adjustment of other factors, sP-selectin, sE-selectin and sL-selectin were independent predictors for thrombosis. At sP-selectin ≥ 3.2 ng/mL, sE-selectin ≥ 32.5 ng/mL and sL-selectin ≥ 3.6 ng/mL thrombosis could be predicted with 97.1%, 97.6% and 96.5% sensitivity. A panel of the three selectins provided 100% clinical sensitivity. Admission levels of circulating soluble selectins P, E and L can predict thrombosis in COVID-19 patients and could be used to identify patients who need prophylactic anticoagulants. E-selectin showed a superior clinical performance, as thrombo-inflammation biomarker, to the most commonly studied P-selectin.

Sex difference in the cytokine profile among patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and during their recovery: predominance of females in adhesion molecules and males in oxidative stress

“…We did not observe increased P-selectin plasma levels, but they were reduced in female vs. male COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 patients. Higher levels of soluble P-selectin and E-selectin were detected in COVID-19 patients as predictors of thrombosis, while E-selectin levels are predictive of ICU admission [49,50]. We observed increased E-selectin plasma levels in female COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 patients.…”

SELL and GUCY1A1 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients with Unstable Angina

“…Previous studies have confirmed the role of L-selectin in the inflammatory process, particularly in the recruitment of inflammatory cells [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Population studies have observed an association between adhesion molecule concentrations and age.…”

Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms

“…In this article, we considered cellular markers according to current immunological literature and dictations from experts in the field. Many senior scientists between April and September 2020 wrote letters in this regard (see Supplementary Materials ) that demonstrated overall infection antibody positivity of 23% (NY), 18% (London), and 11% (Madrid) are dependent on the other 10 or more T cell subtypes performing all the regulatory functions of the immune system, which are arguably more important in all pathologies [ 427 , 428 , 429 , 430 , 431 , 432 , 433 , 434 , 435 , 436 , 437 , 438 , 439 , 440 , 441 , 442 , 443 , 444 , 445 ]. To conclude this review, we hope that the biomolecular information provided is prioritized in clinical and therapeutic trials, and expanded upon to better ensure patient care, therapeutic development, transmission, and mortality rates are improved world-wide, to more accurately target COVID-19 and similar pathologies that also host dystopian properties, and the details within will provide further information for all future researchers.…”