Evaluation of Adaptive Processes of Kinematic and Dynamic Performances of Running at Maximum Speed in Training With Additional Inertial Load Application

Abstract

SUMMARYPrediction of final race time in slalom based on the time achieved in first and second race is a paper with a purpose and a primary goal to address the attention to relevant factors that determine final result in alpine skiing, and all that based on exact indicators gained under exact and strictly con� trolled rules of FIS. The mentioned example is about slalom discipline. Due to the fact that the result is a primary goal, the asked question is: Does the final result depend more on time achieved in first or in second race?Precise and direct answer is given in the conclusion of the paper. The conclusion is formed on the basis of precise results gained in the World Cup race. The race took place in Zagreb, Sljeme, 2010. Gained results indicate a conclusion that a total time in slalom is in a high positive correlation with achieved time in first race. Multiple correlation coefficient and multiple determination coefficient of first and second race compared to total time is high and statistically significant in example R = .67, R 2 = .45, p ≤ .001. Standardized predictive values of Beta in Table 7 give the right to conclude that achieved time in first race is more significant, or have more influence on the final result comparing to the time achieved in second race, in example Beta 1 = .55, and Beta 2 = .40. Assuming that general con� ditions of competitions are approximately same, the reasons of bigger influence of first than the second race should be looked for in tactics of coaches and competitors. The reasons for changing of tactics for the first and for the second race are determined by the FIS rules. Among other things, rules state that right for participating in second race have only first 30 participants from the first race. The natural conclusion is that the first race, or ride, is without any calculations and by principle "all or nothing". The tactic of second race is significantly different. The race must successfully end, even with risk of insignificant improve, or even failure. Of course, the weather can influence on better or worse result. In accordance with the law of possibility the influence of weather is evened, or annulled.

The effects of lower limb wearable resistance on sprint running performance: A systematic review

“…A six week training study utilising 5% BM ankle WR was found to elicit a significant increase in stride length (5.3%, ES = 0.43) and decrease in stride frequency (−5.6%, ES = 0.54) as measured between 25 and 50 m with no significant changes to maximal running speed (Pajic et al., 2011). Furthermore, this training was found to have significantly increased all angles measured (knee angle at take‐off, knee angle at contact, knee flexion during backswing, and elbow flexion during backswing) suggesting a more upright body posture.…”

“…Only one longitudinal study has investigated the effects of lower limb WR training on sprint performance. It was observed that 5% BM ankle WR elicited a significant increase in stride length (5.3%, ES = 0.43) and decrease in stride frequency (−5.6%, ES = 0.54) with non‐significant changes (ES = 0.12) to maximal running speed (Pajic et al., 2011). While increases in running speed over time have been shown to coincide with an increase in step length and is believed to be important for development of maximal speed sprinting (Nagahara & Zushi, 2017) the accompanying decrease in stride frequency seen in Pajic et al.…”

“…While increases in running speed over time have been shown to coincide with an increase in step length and is believed to be important for development of maximal speed sprinting (Nagahara & Zushi, 2017) the accompanying decrease in stride frequency seen in Pajic et al. (2011) is counterproductive to the development of maximal speed sprinting. Ultimately, it is difficult to apply these study findings as untrained participants were used and there is no information regarding the start and acceleration phases of sprinting.…”

“…If the same study was published in multiple locations, one was retained while the others were considered a duplication and removed (e.g. Pajic, 2011; Pajic, Kostovski, Ilic, Jakovljevic, & Preljevic, 2011).…”

“…Three studies measured the changes that occur to sprint running performance immediately following a single session lower limb WR intervention (referred to as acute performance effects) (Bennett et al, 2009;Simperingham & Cronin, 2014;Simperingham, Cronin, Pearson, & Ross, 2015). One study measured the changes that occur to sprint running performance following a six week long lower limb WR intervention (Pajic et al, 2011).…”