Evaluation of Above-Ground Application of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for the Control of Diapausing Codling Moth (<i>Cydia pomonella</i>L.) Under Natural Conditions

Odendaal, D.; Addison, Matthew F.; Malan, Antoinette P.

doi:10.4001/003.024.0061

Cited by 28 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Downing (1994) demonstrated the potential of pre-and post-application irrigation when H. bacteriophora was applied in the control of two Coleopteran species on Kentucky bluegrass, achieving consistent pest mortality (>80%), compared to unirrigated controls. This was supported by Odendaal et al (2016), who found that increases in RH were, overall, found to be the most effective factor in the improving of EPN control over codling moth. Therefore, it would appear that EPN species should be selected for the expected temperature niche during which they will be applied, and application techniques should focus instead on maintaining the appropriate humidity levels within the application area for as long as possible.…”

Section: Timementioning

confidence: 69%

Grapevine Leaf Application of Steinernema yirgalemense to Control Planococcus ficus in Semi-field Conditions

Platt

Stokwe

Malan

2018

SAJEV

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The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus Signoret (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is a key insect pest of South African grapevine. The ability of mealybugs to avoid or resist the action of chemical pesticides has led to the investigation of alternative control methods, such as the application of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). However, EPN application faces challenges, due to the maladaptation of EPN species to aboveground conditions. In this study, the ability of adjuvants to improve the control of P. ficus in grapevine using an indigenous nematode species, Steinernema yirgalemense, was investigated. A trial was performed to assess EPN survival on grapevine foliage, when applied in the morning (high humidity / low temperature) compared with in the afternoon (high temperature / low humidity). In a semi-field trial, the combination of adjuvants Zeba ® and Nu-Film-P ® resulted in 66% control of P. ficus after 48 h, compared to the use of Zeba ® alone (43%), and EPNs alone (28%). Additionally, lower concentrations of EPNs showed predictably lower mortality rates of P. ficus. Significantly, higher EPN survival was recorded at each time interval in the morning, compared with the corresponding interval in the afternoon. This study demonstrates the ability of S. yirgalemense, when applied with adjuvants and at an appropriate time of day, to control P. ficus on grapevine, under semi-field conditions.

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Section: Timementioning

confidence: 69%

Grapevine Leaf Application of Steinernema yirgalemense to Control Planococcus ficus in Semi-field Conditions

Platt

Stokwe

Malan

2018

SAJEV

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“…Van Niekerk and Malan (2012) also screened six indigenous EPN species for pathogenicity to P. citri, finding H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense to be the most effective. In this study, S. yirgalemense was selected for further testing, as other studies have also proven this species to be the most effective against codling (De Waal et al 2011;Odendaal et al 2016) and false codling moth (Malan & Moore, 2016), with the potential to be mass cultured (Ferreira et al, 2016). However, should the mass-culture methods for heterorhabditid species being developed in South Africa succeed, H. noenieputensis would be an excellent candidate for the control of P. ficus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nematodes were applied in 1 ml of water, containing 800 IJs of S. yirgalemense. Steinernema yirgalemense was selected for further study, as it was indicated in previous studies to be highly effective against codling moth (De Waal et al, 2011;Odendaal et al, 2016) and false codling moth , and is currently being targeted for mass culture. Each dish was sealed with Parafilm and placed in an incubator at 25°C.…”

Section: Infection Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of Local Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of the Vine Mealybug, Planococcus ficus

Platt¹,

Stokwe

Malan

2018

SAJEV

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Planococcus ficus, the vine mealybug, is the dominant mealybug pest of grapes in South Africa. To provide an alternative for chemical control, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) were investigated as a biological control agent to be used in an integrated pest management system. Four local EPN species were screened for efficacy against female P. ficus, the most potent of which were Heterorhabditis noenieputensis, with 90% mortality, and Steinernema yirgalemense, with 63%. Since S. yirgalemense was previously shown to be highly effective against a range of pests, the effects of temperature and humidity on the infectivity of S. yirgalemense to female P. ficus were also assessed. The application of S. yirgalemense at 25°C yielded the highest mortality, of 72%, followed by 45% mortality at 30°C, and only 9% mortality when applied at 15°C. Steinernema yirgalemense performed best at 100% relative humidity (RH), resulting in 70% mortality. Decreasing RH levels resulted in decreased mortality (61% mortality at 80% RH, 40% mortality at 60% RH). As a soil-based organism, S. yirgalemense is most effective as a biocontrol agent of P. ficus under conditions of moderate temperature and high humidity. Its lethality to P. ficus, and its status as an indigenous species, indicate its promise as a potential biocontrol agent of the vine mealybug.

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“…Because neonate D. abbreviatus larvae are highly susceptible to EPNs, soil surface treatments with EPNs while they are entering the soil result in high control efficacies. An example of an EPN application targeting a pest with a life stage in a cryptic habitat in orchards is codling moth (C. pomonella) [40,41]. Their caterpillars are fruit-boring/feeding pests, but when they are fully grown, they leave the fruit in search of protected (cryptic) habitats in which they spin their cocoons and pupate.…”

Section: Epn Targeting Aboveground Pest Stages In Orchardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents of insect pests in orchards.

Beliën¹

2019

CABI Reviews

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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are increasingly being used as biological control of insect pests due to their successful biocontrol activity against various economically important insect pests. Despite the growing success of EPNs, their effective use in orchards remains rather scarce. The principal limiting factors for the practical implementation of EPNs in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes in orchards are their reduced control activity and persistence due to low-temperature regimes and desiccation, in particularly when applied against aboveground pest stages. However, recent advances in formulation technology, application strategy (with emphasis on improved persistence of the applied EPNs) and gradually acquired knowledge on optimal implementation strategies already have extendedand in the future most likely will further expandthe practical adoption of EPNs in pest management programmes in orchards. A successful implementation of EPNs in orchards requires that their usage fits into an IPM strategy. Interactions between EPNs and other biological or chemical control agents can be synergistic, additive or antagonistic, depending on the specific chemical and biological agents, as well as their rates and timing and host species. In this article, the most important aspects and features of EPN applications in orchards are reviewed.

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Evaluation of Above-Ground Application of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for the Control of Diapausing Codling Moth (Cydia pomonellaL.) Under Natural Conditions

Cited by 28 publications

References 28 publications

Grapevine Leaf Application of Steinernema yirgalemense to Control Planococcus ficus in Semi-field Conditions

Grapevine Leaf Application of Steinernema yirgalemense to Control Planococcus ficus in Semi-field Conditions

Potential of Local Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of the Vine Mealybug, Planococcus ficus

Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents of insect pests in orchards.

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