“…6 Deep learning systems, one of the methods of AI for various clinical tasks, has been introduced in recent years. 7 They were used effectively in various fields for image-based automated diagnosis, including lung cancer, 8 colorectal polyps, 9 prostate cancer, 10 hip osteoarthritis, 11 bone age assessment, 12 caries diagnosis, 13 color selection, 14 removable partial denture design, 15,16 temporomandibular disorders, 17,18 orthognathic treatment, 19 maxillary sinusitis, 20 root morphology, 21 periodontal diseases, 22 oral cancer, 23 periapical lesions, 24 radiolucent lesions, 25 cystic lesions, 26 cephalometric analysis, 27 and debonding of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) crowns. 28 Future systems are expected to be increasingly autonomous, going beyond recommending possible clinical actions to perform certain tasks independently, such as patient trial and screening references.…”