Evaluation of a nine-point body condition scoring system in physically inactive pet cats

Bjørnvad, Charlotte Reinhard; Nielsen, Dorte H.; Armstrong, Peter; McEvoy, Fintan J.; Hoelmkjaer, Kirsten M.; Jensen, K.S.; Pedersen, Gitte Fabricius; Kristensen, Annemarie T.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.72.4.433

Cited by 130 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…The most commonly used systems are the 5-point and 9-point scales, with the use of one over the other in clinical practice being based on personal preference (Laflamme 1997;Thatcher et al 2000;Zoran 2009). Body fat percentage estimated using the 9-point BCS scale is repeatable and correlates well with body fat measured by DEXA (Laflamme 1997;German et al 2006;Bjornvad et al 2011;Borges et al 2012). BCS systems do not provide an assessment of muscle mass, and so muscle catabolism may not be recognised if muscle mass is not also assessed (Baldwin et al 2010;Michel et al 2011).…”

Section: Body Condition and Muscle Mass Scoring Systemsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…However, DEXA assumes the hydration of the fat-free mass is constant and so accuracy can be affected by the level of muscle hydration (Speakman et al 2001;Jeusette et al 2010). This method has several disadvantages such as the exposure to radiation, the need for sedation, the cost, and the technical expertise required, which limits its use to the research setting (German 2010;Bjornvad et al 2011).…”

Section: Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feline obesity - prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions and assessment: a review

Tarkosova¹,

Story²,

Rand³

et al. 2016

Vet. Med.

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ABSTRACT:Obesity is recognised as the most common multifactorial nutritional disorder of pet cats. Studies from several countries have indicated that between 11.5% and 63% of cats are overweight or obese. Breed, age, sex, reproductive status, the pet-owner relationship, owners' perceptions of their cats' body condition, type of diet, frequency of feeding, and environment have all been identified as potential risk factors for the development of obesity in cats. Obesity has significant implications for feline health and welfare as it has mechanical and metabolic effects and can predispose cats to conditions such as diabetes mellitus type 2, hepatic lipidosis, lameness, oral cavity disease, urinary tract disease, dermatological disease, and neoplasia. An important aspect of preventing and managing obesity is the evaluation of body condition to determine ideal body weight and to formulate an appropriate weight loss plan. Several methods have been developed for this purpose. This review uses recent scientific literature to discuss various aspects of feline obesity, including its prevalence, proposed risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions, and methods of assessment.Keywords: overweight; obese; body condition; cat List of abbreviations BCS = body condition score, CT = computed tomography, DEXA = dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, MMS = muscle mass scoring, QMR = quantitative magnetic resonance

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Section: Body Condition and Muscle Mass Scoring Systemsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline obesity - prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions and assessment: a review

Tarkosova¹,

Story²,

Rand³

et al. 2016

Vet. Med.

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show abstract

“…Canine and feline specimens were collected as biopsy samples during surgical interventions performed at veterinary clinics by isolating adipose tissue from the falciform ligament and the greater omentum, respectively. The body condition score (BCS) was used to cluster the feline (Bjornvad et al 2011) and the canine (Müller et al 2014) samples into normal and obese categories. Three cats and five dogs were normal (BCS5 for cats, BCS3 for dogs); three cats and four dogs were obese (BCS7 for cats and BCS5 for dogs).…”

Section: Animals and Tissue Harvestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipose tissue macrophages in non-rodent mammals: a comparative study

et al. 2015

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The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue in rodents and primates contains mesenchymal stem cells and immune cells. SVF cells have complex metabolic, immune and endocrine functions with biomedical impact. However, in other mammals, the amount of data on SVF stem cells is negligible and whether the SVF hosts immune cells is unknown. In this study, we show that the SVF is rich in immune cells, with a dominance of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in cattle (Bos primigenius taurus), domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus), domestic sheep (Ovis aries), domestic cat (Felis catus) and domestic dog (Canis familiaris). ATMs of these species are granulated lysosome-rich cells with lamellipodial protrusions and express the lysosome markers acid phosphatase 5 (ACP-5) and Mac-3/Lamp-2. Using ACP-5 and Mac-3/Lamp-2 as markers, we additionally detected ATMs in other species, such as the domestic horse (Equus ferus caballus), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Feline and canine ATMs also express the murine macrophage marker F4/80 antigen. In the lean condition, the alternative macrophage activation marker CD206 is expressed by feline and canine ATMs and arginase-1 by feline ATMs. Obesity is associated with interleukin-6 and interferon gamma expression and with overt tyrosine nitration in both feline and canine ATMs. This resembles the obesity-induced phenotype switch of murine and human ATMs. Thus, we show, for the first time, that the presence of ATMs is a general trait of mammals. The interaction between the adipose cells and SVF immune cells might be evolutionarily conserved among mammals.

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“…A avaliação do ECC é realizada pelas características visuais e de palpação do animal e, apesar de ser considerado um método subjetivo (BURKHOLDER; TOLL, 2000), apresenta uma boa correlação com o percentual de gordura obtido pela técnica de absorciometria de raios-x de dupla energia (DEXA) (MAWBY et al, 2004, BJORNVAD et al, 2011. Dessa forma, o ECC foi utilizado como método diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obesidade nos felinos deste estudo.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Prevalência e fatores de risco da obesidade felina em Alegre-ES, Brasil

et al. 2013

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ResumoO acúmulo excessivo de gordura corpórea é a condição que caracteriza a obesidade. Esta condição na espécie humana vem mostrando um crescimento acelerado e preocupante, se fazendo da mesma forma em animais de companhia. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estabelecer a prevalência de gatos obesos domiciliados no município de Alegre -Espírito Santo e sua associação com fatores de risco. Utilizou-se o método de correlação de Spearman e o teste do Qui-quadrado, considerando um nível de significância de 5%. A prevalência de obesidade ou sobrepeso foi de 14% na população estudada de 50 gatos domiciliados. Gatos machos e castrados foram considerados como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da obesidade, ao contrário da prática de atividade física, considerada como um fator protetor. Não houve correlação entre a frequência ou o tipo de alimento fornecido e o desenvolvimento da obesidade. Palavras-chave: Gatos, condição corporal, gordura AbstractObesity is a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat. In humans, this condition has shown fast and worrying growth, like in pets. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of obese cats living in Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil and its association with risk factors. Spearman correlation and chi-square test were used, considering a significance level of 5%. The prevalence of overweight or obesity was 14% in the studied population of 50 cats. Neutered and male cats were considered a risk factor for the development of obesity, unlike physical activity, considered as a protective factor. No correlation was found between the frequency or type of food provided and obesity.

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Evaluation of a nine-point body condition scoring system in physically inactive pet cats

Abstract: The 9-point BCS scale appears useful for assessing %BF in DSH pet cats. Nevertheless, study findings could indicate a need for redefining the ideal BCS for inactive neutered cats to include a BCS of 4.

Cited by 130 publications

References 25 publications

Feline obesity - prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions and assessment: a review

Feline obesity - prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions and assessment: a review

Adipose tissue macrophages in non-rodent mammals: a comparative study

Prevalência e fatores de risco da obesidade felina em Alegre-ES, Brasil

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