Evaluation of a Crisis Intervention Team Pilot Program: Results from Baltimore, MD

Booty, Marisa D.; Williams, Rebecca G; Crifasi, Cassandra K.

doi:10.1007/s10597-019-00474-w

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Mental health crises will often take place in a person’s home with others, often family, present. In line with research of parents of children with psychosis,87 companions described the, often traumatic, impact of the FR response and a lack of inclusion and communication 18 24–30 33–37 39–41 43–60 62–70 74–78 81 82 86 88–104. Our findings reflect that of previous studies,105 which show that family/carers experience distress, guilt, reluctance to call FRs, fear of disproportionate use of force and relief for having FR support.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…‘On-the-job training’ was perceived by some as more important than formal training 30 32 34 36 37 40 52 56 57. Evidence that colleagues sharing their personal experience can help understanding and response, as well as CIT training,68 86 shows that better strategies that can help FRs are available. This highlights the importance of finding ways for FRs to share their practical knowledge and skills during training or team meetings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subjective experiences of the first response to mental health crises in the community: a qualitative systematic review

2022

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ObjectiveTo review and synthesise qualitative studies that have explored subjective experiences of people with lived experience of mental health-related illness/crisis (MHC), their families and first responders.DesignA systematic review of qualitative evidence was conducted. English-language articles exploring the content of interactions and participants’ experiences were included.Data sourcesMEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL; Google Scholar, SAGE journals, Science Direct and PubMed.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers read and systematically extracted data from the included papers. Papers were appraised for methodological rigour using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative Checklist. Data were thematically analysed.ResultsWe identified 3483 unique records, 404 full-texts were assessed against the inclusion criteria and 79 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. First responders (FRs) identified in studies were police and ambulance staff. Main factors influencing response are persistent stigmatised attitudes among FRs, arbitrary training and the triadic interactions between FRs, people with mental illness and third parties present at the crisis. In addition, FR personal experience of mental illness and focused training can help create a more empathetic response, however lack of resources in mental health services continues to be a barrier where ‘frequent attenders’ are repeatedly let down by mental health services.ConclusionLack of resources in mental healthcare and rise in mental illness suggest that FR response to MHC is inevitable. Inconsistent training, complexity of procedures and persistent stigmatisation make this a very challenging task. Improving communication with family carers and colleagues could make a difference. Broader issues of legitimacy and procedural barriers should be considered in order to reduce criminalisation and ensure an empathetic response.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subjective experiences of the first response to mental health crises in the community: a qualitative systematic review

2022

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“…We also found that the length of service was positively correlated with the responsibility dimension and negatively correlated with avoidance. As previous studies have shown that training programs may reduce stigma [14,[39][40][41], we believe that the fact that veteran PO consider psychiatric patients more responsible for their situation is a consequence of a lack of knowledge since the range of labor seniority in our sample is very wide and consequently the training programs received as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The greatest strength of this research lies in the fact that it can provide valuable information to improve the protocols for law enforcement of the Spanish Police with psychiatric patients and to guide and update the training activities of the Police in this eld. Recent studies carried out in police forces in other countries have shown that a speci c training program on mental health helps to reduce stigmatizing attitudes, and increases understanding and support for people with a psychiatric diagnosis [14,[39][40][41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“attitudes of the Spanish Police Towards Patients With Schizophrenia or Depressive Disorders”

Mengual-Pujante

Morán-Sánchez

Luna-Ruiz

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Police officers have become an important part of psychiatric patients´ care; however, few studies have assessed the Police´s attitudes toward these patients. Our aim is to analyze the effect of the stigma associated with different mental illnesses on police officers.Methods: the attitudes of 927 officers of the Spanish National Police Force towards a person with schizophrenia or depressive disorder in the role of person in need of assistance, victim, witness, or suspect, were assessed by means of the Attribution Questionnaire adapted to the police context. Different socio-demographic variables were also collected. Results: Police officers expressed more willingness to help, felt more pity and considered psychiatric patients to be less responsible for their situation than people who were not described as being mentally ill. They also showed increased feelings of anger and avoidance, greater danger perception and need for segregation and coercion for medical treatment, especially in schizophrenia. Being a woman, the elderly and having more working experience, are associated with less stigmatizing attitudes among officers. Conclusions: Police officers have certain attitudes about mental illness particularly schizophrenia, that require special attention, as they may disrupt police action. We found several factors associated with the persistence of these stigmatizing attitudes in the Police that can guide us to implement training programs to promote attitude changing especially at the beginning of the professional career.

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“…We also found that the length of service was positively correlated with the responsibility dimension and negatively correlated with avoidance dimension. As previous studies have shown that training programs may reduce stigma [ 14 , 31 – 33 ], we believe that the fact that experienced officers tend to consider psychiatric patients to be more responsible for their situation results from a lack of accurate knowledge about mental illness, as we included a wide range of variables for length of service and number of training programs in our sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes of the police towards individuals with a known psychiatric diagnosis

et al. 2022

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Background Police officers are increasingly required to respond to incidents involving psychiatric patients. However, few studies have assessed whether the attitude of police officers depends on prior knowledge of their specific psychiatric diagnosis. Our aim was to analyze the effects of psychiatric diagnosis on the behavior of police officers. Methods We utilized the Attribution Questionnaire adapted to the police context to examine the attitudes of 927 officers of the Spanish National Police Force towards persons diagnosed with either schizophrenia or depressive disorder playing the role of somebody in need of assistance, a victim of a crime, a witness, or a suspect in a criminal case. Different socio-demographic variables were also collected. Results Compared to attitudes to individuals with a known psychiatric diagnosis, police officers expressed increased willingness to help psychiatric patients and increased sympathy and attributing to them less responsibility for their actions. They also showed increased feelings of avoidance, reported a greater perception of danger and a greater need for isolation and involuntary treatment. This was especially so in the case of schizophrenia. Stigmatizing attitudes were less apparent when the person was a woman, a veteran officer, or someone with a history of work experience. Conclusions Police officers may hold certain stigmatizing attitudes towards persons with mental illness, particularly schizophrenia, that require special attention, as they may negatively affect police action. We found several factors associated with the persistence of these stigmatizing attitudes among police officers that may guide us when implementing training programs for promoting attitude change, especially at the beginning of an officer’s professional career.

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Evaluation of a Crisis Intervention Team Pilot Program: Results from Baltimore, MD

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Subjective experiences of the first response to mental health crises in the community: a qualitative systematic review

Subjective experiences of the first response to mental health crises in the community: a qualitative systematic review

“attitudes of the Spanish Police Towards Patients With Schizophrenia or Depressive Disorders”

Attitudes of the police towards individuals with a known psychiatric diagnosis

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