Evaluation of a continuous glucose monitoring system for use in dogs, cats, and horses

Wiedmeyer, Charles E.; Johnson, Philip J.; Cohn, Leah A.; Meadows, Richard L.

doi:10.2460/javma.2003.223.987

Cited by 63 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Continuous glucose monitoring represents a technological innovation has been marketed in the human medical field for better studying glucose regulation in individuals with diabetes. 67,68 Briefly, this method entails placing a tiny glucose sensor in a subcutaneous location to render a computerized digital recording (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Use Of Continuous Glucose Monitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using this method, it is possible to unobtrusively record the concentration of glucose in the interstitial compartment (equivalent to the blood glucose concentration) every 5 minutes over the course of up to 7 days (288 data points per 24-hour period). 67,68 A potential advantage of this method for equine practitioners includes the ability to monitor changes in interstitial tissue glucose concentration over time with minimal need for handling. Using this technique, the authors observed that the interstitial glucose concentration of lean, insulin-sensitive adult horses tends to be maintained at the lower end of the reference range with minimal variance (horses being fed ad libitum low NSC grass hay) ( Fig.…”

Section: Use Of Continuous Glucose Monitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laminitis and the Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Johnson

Wiedmeyer

LaCarrubba

et al. 2010

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice

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Although much has been written about laminitis in the context of its association with inflammatory processes, such as dietary carbohydrate overload and endotoxemia, [1][2][3][4][5] recognition is growing that most cases of laminitis examined by veterinarians in private practice are those associated with pasture grazing, obesity, and insulin resistance (IR). 6,7 The term endocrinopathic laminitis has been adopted to classify the instances of laminitis in which the origin seems to be more strongly associated with an underlying endocrinopathy, such as either IR or the influence of corticosteroids. [8][9][10][11] Results of a recent study suggest that obesity and IR represent the most common metabolic and endocrinopathic predispositions for laminitis in horses. 6,12 IR also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of laminitis that develops when some horses or ponies are allowed to graze pastures at certain times of the year (pasture-associated laminitis [PAL]). [12][13][14][15] Moreover, IR is provoked by and contributes to pathophysiologic processes associated with endotoxemia and systemic inflammation under the more classic circumstances associated with risk for acute laminitis, such as grain overload, retention of fetal membranes, and gastroenteritis. 16,17 However, a recent study using the oligofructose model showed that experimentally induced laminitis was not associated with a loss of insulin sensitivity. 18 The term equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) has been proposed as a label for horses whose clinical examination results (including both physical examination and laboratory testing) suggest heightened risk for developing laminitis as a result of underlying IR. 19 EMS is not a disease per se, but rather is a clustering of clinical abnormalities that, when identified collectively in a given patient, indicates that the likelihood of developing laminitis is greater than in individuals lacking the EMS criteria. Use of the term EMS is especially practical for distinguishing affected horses from those affected with either Cushing's (pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction [PPID]) or hypothyroidism, with which EMS is often confused. 19 The clinical importance of diagnosing EMS centers on the fact that recognized risk factors for laminitis can subsequently be avoided in the affected individual. Preventive measures aimed at reducing the risk for laminitis should be rigorously emphasized in EMS-affected horses and ponies.Recently, the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) commissioned a panel of EMS-interested specialists to develop a consensus statement that would help define the syndrome based on current knowledge. 20 During development of the consensus statement, contents of the working draft were presented and discussed at the ACVIM Annual Forum in Montreal, Canada and some of the following comments will be based on those discussions. 20 Ongoing experimental and clinical studies will help better define EMS (which is distinctly different to the human metabolic syndrome 21 ) in the next few years. D...

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Section: Use Of Continuous Glucose Monitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Use Of Continuous Glucose Monitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laminitis and the Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Johnson

Wiedmeyer

LaCarrubba

et al. 2010

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice

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“…58,59 Briefly, this method entails placement of a tiny glucose sensor in a subcutaneous location and computerized digital recording. Using this method, it is possible to unobtrusively record the concentration of glucose in the interstitial tissue compartment (equivalent to the blood glucose concentration) every 5 min over the course of up to 7 days (288 data points per 24 h period).…”

Section: 35657mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Syndrome in Horses

Johnson

Wiedmeyer

LaCarrubba

et al. 2012

J Diabetes Sci Technol

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Abbreviations: (CGIT) combined intravenous glucose-insulin test, (DM) diabetes mellitus, (EMS) equine metabolic syndrome, (HbA1c) glycosylated hemoglobin, (IR) AbstractAnalogous to the situation in human medicine, contemporary practices in horse management, which incorporate lengthy periods of physical inactivity coupled with provision of nutritional rations characterized by inappropriately high sugar and starch, have led to obesity being more commonly recognized by practitioners of equine veterinary practice. In many of these cases, obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and glucose intolerance. An equine metabolic syndrome (MS) has been described that is similar to the human MS in that both IR and aspects of obesity represent cornerstones of its definition.Unlike its human counterpart, identification of the equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) portends greater risk for development of laminitis, a chronic, crippling affliction of the equine hoof. When severe, laminitis sometimes necessitates euthanasia. Unlike the human condition, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and many other chronic conditions, for which the risk is recognized as increased in the face of MS, is less likely in horses. The equine veterinary literature has been replete with reports of scientific investigations regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of EMS.

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“…A good correlation between interstitial fluid and blood glucose concentrations was shown with the first generation of CGMSs in cats and dogs. [1][2][3][4] However, these older systems necessitate attachment of the monitor to the animal and manual downloading of the recorded data to a computer for analysis. The Guardian Real-Time (Medtronic) is a new generation CGMS that enables onscreen date recording over a 72-h period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4] This system measures glucose concentrations in the subcutaneous interstitial fluid every 5 mins for up to 72 h via a glucose oxidase-containing sensor. The technique provides a potentially less stressful alternative to blood glucose measurements and generates detailed glucose curves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of sensor sites for continuous glucose monitoring in cats with diabetes mellitus

Hafner

Lutz

Reusch

et al. 2012

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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The continuous glucose monitoring system allows generation of detailed glucose curves via measurement of glucose concentration in interstitial fluid. The conventional site for sensor placement in diabetic cats is the subcutaneous tissue of the lateral chest wall. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and accuracy of sensors placed in the lateral chest wall and in two alternative sites -the dorsal neck and lateral knee fold -of diabetic cats. Initialisation was successful in 15/20 lateral chest wall sensors, 9/10 neck sensors and 3/10 knee fold sensors. Compared with the reference portable blood glucose meter, 0.8% of measurements from lateral chest wall sensors, 0.7% from knee fold sensors and 0% from neck sensors would have resulted in erroneous treatment. This preliminary study suggests that dorsal neck placement may be superior to lateral chest wall and lateral knee fold; however, further investigation with a larger number of cases would be required to confirm this finding.

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Evaluation of a continuous glucose monitoring system for use in dogs, cats, and horses

Cited by 63 publications

References 27 publications

Laminitis and the Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Laminitis and the Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Syndrome in Horses

Evaluation of sensor sites for continuous glucose monitoring in cats with diabetes mellitus

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