Evaluation of a Ag∣Ag+ reference electrode for use in room temperature ionic liquids

Snook, Graeme A.; Best, Adam S.; Pandolfo, Anthony; Hollenkamp, Anthony F.

doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2006.07.004

Cited by 132 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This is yet another situation where the design of the experimental setup adversely affects the observed cathode energy densities. To avoid this issue, silver-ion and activated carbon electrodes can serve as reference electrodes in nonaqueous three-electrode experiments [201,232,[289][290][291], and similarly activated carbon can serve as readily available alternatives for the counter electrode [201,232].…”

Section: Counter and Reference Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Li-ion: electrode materials for sodium- and magnesium-ion batteries

2015

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to develop and install renewable energy harvesting technologies [3]. However, their successful implementation will be dependent on reliable and robust storage devices since harvesting solar and wind energy is inherently intermittent and the majority of consumption targets cannot be readily tethered to the grid.As energy storage devices, batteries possess high portability, high energy density, high Coulombic efficiency, and long cycle life. They are ideal power sources for portable devices, automobiles, and backup power supplies; accordingly, batteries power nearly all of our mobile electronics and are used to improve the efficiency of hybrid electric vehicles [4,5]. Unfortunately, considerable improvements in performance are still required in order to meet the demands of advanced portable devices and achieve energy sustainability (e.g., through smart grid and electric vehicle technologies) [6]. These enduring needs have driven intensive research investments. While efforts have been successful, there is still significant room for improvement regarding the development and understanding of electrode materials [7]. The overall capacity and potential cycling window of many electrode materials are limited to prevent degradation over long term cycling. In addition to exploring new electrode materials, there have been strong efforts to improve those that are already utilized. Expense reduction is a priority as approximately 23% and 8% of the overall battery pack costs stem from the respective cathode and anode active materials alone [8].An alkali-ion battery consists of several electrochemical cells connected in parallel and/or in series to provide a designated current or voltage. Each electrochemical cell has two electrodes separated by an electrolyte that is electrically insulating but ionically conductive. During discharge, when the alkali-ion battery operates as a galvanic cell, alkali ions exit the negative electrode (typically carbon) and insert themselves into the positive electrode while electronsThe need for economical and sustainable energy storage drives battery research today. While Li-ion batteries are the most mature technology, scalable electrochemical energy storage applications benefit from reductions in cost and improved safety. Sodium-and magnesium-ion batteries are two technologies that may prove to be viable alternatives. Both metals are cheaper and more abundant than Li, and have better safety characteristics, while divalent magnesium has the added bonus of passing twice as much charge per atom. On the other hand, both are still emerging fields of research with challenges to overcome. For example, electrodes incorporating Na + are often pulverized under the repeated strain of shuttling the relatively large ion, while insertion and transport of Mg 2+ is often kinetically slow, which stems from larger electrostatic forces. This review provides an overview of cathode and anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, and a comprehensive summary of research on cathodes for magnesium-ion batteries. In additi...

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Section: Counter and Reference Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Li-ion: electrode materials for sodium- and magnesium-ion batteries

2015

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“…It may be directly used in systems containing Ag + , such as AgBF 4 in [EMI] [BF 4 ] (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate), or requires a salt bridge to connect with the working electrode compartment for ionic liquid in the absence of Ag + species. [45,46] Although the electrode potential of Ag/Ag + is quite stable, the salt bridge is complicated and impurity may be introduced into the ionic liquids. [46] On the other hand, in the chloroaluminate ionic liquids, Al/Al 3 + may serve as the reference electrode.…”

Section: Metal Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

The Electrode/Ionic Liquid Interface: Electric Double Layer and Metal Electrodeposition

Wei

et al. 2010

ChemPhysChem

144

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The last decade has witnessed remarkable advances in interfacial electrochemistry in room‐temperature ionic liquids. Although the wide electrochemical window of ionic liquids is of primary concern in this new type of solvent for electrochemistry, the unusual bulk and interfacial properties brought about by the intrinsic strong interactions in the ionic liquid system also substantially influence the structure and processes at electrode/ionic liquid interfaces. Theoretical modeling and experimental characterizations have been indispensable in reaching a microscopic understanding of electrode/ionic liquid interfaces and in elucidating the physics behind new phenomena in ionic liquids. This Minireview describes the status of some aspects of interfacial electrochemistry in ionic liquids. Emphasis is placed on high‐resolution and molecular‐level characterization by scanning tunneling microscopy and vibrational spectroscopies of interfacial structures, and the initial stage of metal electrodeposition with application in surface nanostructuring.

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“…This coated wire was then immersed in a given ionic liquid to create a "mixed" Ag|AgCl|(TFSI − ) reference half-cell. As with a reported Ag|Ag + |(TFSI − ) reference half-cell [27], a stable reference potential was obtained, and liquid junction potentials between different quaternary ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquids could readily be measured and were found to be less than 4 mV in all cases. This was well within tolerance for present purposes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 71%