Evaluation of 36%‐Protein Diets with or without Animal Protein for Rearing Tank‐Hatched Golden Shiner Fry in Ponds

Lochmann, Rebecca; Stone, Nathan; Phillips, Harold; Bodary, Melinda J.

doi:10.1577/a04-013.1

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Golden shiners in production ponds utilize natural foods for greater than 40% of their nutrition, even when prepared diets are used (Lochmann and Phillips 1996). Growth of golden shiners is much more rapid in production ponds (Lochmann et al 2004), partially due to the presence of natural foods. Growth of golden shiners in indoor systems is slow ) because prepared diets are the only source of dietary intake (Lochmann and Phillips 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality Rates in Golden Shiners Fed High‐Fat Diets with or without a Dairy‐Yeast Prebiotic before Challenge with Flavobacterium columnare

et al. 2007

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Columnaris, caused by Flavobacterium columnare, is a major bacterial disease of the golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas, especially when fish become stressed during handling and transport. Feed additives, such as a dairy‐yeast prebiotic, can decrease disease susceptibility in some fish species. Previous studies have indicated that diets with higher fat concentrations have improved the growth and survival of golden shiners. We conducted a study to determine whether a high‐fat diet alone or supplemented with a dairy‐yeast prebiotic could decrease mortality rates of golden shiners subjected to columnaris challenge. Golden shiners were assigned one of three diets with four replicate aquaria per diet and fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 16 weeks before the challenge. Diets (30.3 ± 0.31% crude protein; mean ± SE) were similar to a commercial formula and contained (1) 4% poultry fat (control), (2) 10% poultry fat, or (3) 10% poultry fat and 2% dairy‐yeast prebiotic. After the 16‐week feeding period, 15 golden shiners (2.2 ± 0.03 g) from each aquarium were stocked into different aquaria (experimental replicates were maintained) and exposed to 20 mL of columnaris bacteria in Sheih broth (optical density, 0.395 Å; at 560 nm; Sheih broth blank) for 18 h. Kidney cultures taken from moribund fish were streaked on Sheih agar to confirm the presence of columnaris and an active infection. Mortality in the 4% poultry fat (41.7 ± 12.9%) and 10% poultry fat (40.0 ± 6.1%) diets was high and not significantly different. Mortality for the dairy‐yeast prebiotic (6.7 ± 2.7%) diet was much lower and significantly different from that for the 4% and 10% poultry fat diets. Thus, the dairy‐yeast prebiotic effectively reduced mortality rates in golden shiners exposed to columnaris, but a high‐fat diet alone provided no protection relative to the lower‐lipid control diet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality Rates in Golden Shiners Fed High‐Fat Diets with or without a Dairy‐Yeast Prebiotic before Challenge with Flavobacterium columnare

et al. 2007

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“…Typical diets contain 32–36% crude protein. Inclusion of animal protein in a fry diet did not increase production over an all‐plant diet in a study where fry from a hatchery were stocked into 12, 0.04‐ha earthen ponds at 2.5 million/ha and cultured for 12 wk (Lochmann et al ). In that study, one pond was eliminated from the results after several thousand fish died.…”

Section: Current Commercial Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nutritional requirements of the golden shiner appear similar to those of other omnivorous warmwater culture species, such as channel catfish (Lochmann and Phillips ). Early baitfish diets typically contained considerable animal protein, such as 5–10% fish meal and 5–15% meat scraps (Giudice et al ), but research has demonstrated that animal protein in the diet is not essential (Lochmann et al ). Thus, many of the nutritional requirements of golden shiners have been well documented, and this section will focus on practical feeds and feeding strategies.…”

Section: Nutrition Feeds and Feeding Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fish of Weedy Waters: Golden Shiner Biology and Culture

Stone

Kelly

Roy

2016

J World Aquaculture Soc

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The golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, is a major bait and forage fish species in the USA. Farmers produce millions of golden shiners annually that are distributed live, many across state boundaries. Native over much of the eastern and central USA, this species is often present but rarely abundant in natural systems, as fish density is apparently controlled by predation rather than by food resources. Aquaculture of the golden shiner is a century‐old practice and culture methods have evolved over time, resulting in today's farm‐raised, certified specific pathogen– and aquatic nuisance species–free baitfish. Federal and state agencies and universities have a long history of developing culture methods and promoting baitfish culture to replace the indiscriminate and wasteful harvest of fish from natural waters. Despite advances in culture methods and the advantages of a farm‐raised species produced under controlled and biosecure conditions, golden shiner farming is only marginally profitable and remaining farmers survive on farm equity and increased market share from others exiting the business. Ironically, increasing regulations and restrictions leading to a reduction in the supply of farm‐raised baitfish could drive anglers back to harvesting bait from natural waters, the very concern that initiated government support for baitfish culture a century ago.

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“…Diets with incomplete or imbalanced amino acid contents often reduce growth, increase feed conversion, and can compromise fish health (Glencross et al 2007). It is still possible to formulate all-plant diets with complementary alternative protein sources that will maintain good fish performance (Wu et al 1999;Li et al 2003;Lochmann et al 2004;Sink et al 2010). However, if total dietary protein is reduced in conjunction with greater use of alternative protein sources, the likelihood of maintaining fish performance decreases unless there is a sufficient supply of high-quality natural food available to prevent nutrient and energy deficiencies.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Dietary Protein and Fish Density on Performance and Production Economics of Golden Shiners in Pools

et al. 2014

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We conducted an outdoor feeding trial with Golden Shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas using diets with 22% or 28% protein from different sources. The 28% protein diet with soybean (SOY) meal was the control, and the three other diets contained 22% protein mainly from SOY, corn gluten feed (CGF), or corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The 22% protein SOY diet was also offered as a meal or pellet in separate treatments. Each of the five diets was fed to fish at two densities: 250,000 fish/ha (low density) or 750,000 fish/ha (high density). Fish with an initial weight of 0.25 ± 0.003 g (mean ± SE) were stocked into four 4.1‐m3 pools per treatment and fed daily to apparent satiation for 9 weeks. Diet effects were assessed by measuring growth, survival, feed conversion, condition index, and body composition. An enterprise budget analysis was conducted to determine the economic effects of different treatments. Fish weight gain was higher at the low density regardless of diet. Weight gain was also higher in fish fed the diet with 28% protein than in those fed other diets at either density. Relative weight (Wr) was higher at the high density and in fish fed the SOY diets compared with those fed the CGF or DDGS diets. Survival was higher at the high density, and no diet effects were apparent. Gross yield was higher at the high density and in the 28% protein SOY control. Feed conversion ratio was better at the low density. Whole‐body lipid was higher in fish at the low density. The most economically beneficial diet was the 28% protein SOY diet, but producers must consider feed choice in the context of their overall business model. The 22% protein diets were inadequate for rapid growth, but did not compromise survival, indicating a possible use for maintenance feeding when fish reach market size.

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Evaluation of 36%‐Protein Diets with or without Animal Protein for Rearing Tank‐Hatched Golden Shiner Fry in Ponds

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

Mortality Rates in Golden Shiners Fed High‐Fat Diets with or without a Dairy‐Yeast Prebiotic before Challenge with Flavobacterium columnare

Mortality Rates in Golden Shiners Fed High‐Fat Diets with or without a Dairy‐Yeast Prebiotic before Challenge with Flavobacterium columnare

A Fish of Weedy Waters: Golden Shiner Biology and Culture

Effects of Dietary Protein and Fish Density on Performance and Production Economics of Golden Shiners in Pools

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