Evaluation indicator system for the recreational sustainability management of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster

Abstract

Aims:The establishment of an evaluation indicator system of recreational sustainability management is extremely important for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster to guide scientific planning and construction, promote recreational sustainability management, regulate the behaviors of market subjects and visitors, and protect the important and fragile ecological environment. Methods: Based on scientific investigation of the potential construction area of national park cluster, taking demands as orientation, the demand of national park cluster for recreational sustainability management evaluation indicator is •研究报告• © 张丛林等: 青藏高原国家公园群游憩可持续性管理评估指标体系 781 https://www.biodiversity-science.net研究报告analyzed. Guided by global consensus, the applicability of Global Sustainability Tourism Criteria for Destinations in national park cluster is discussed. Guided by experience, the management emphases of recreational sustainability of national parks in major countries is summarized. Results: The recreational sustainability management evaluation indicator system for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster has been established, including five first-level indicators of system construction, economy, society, culture and ecological environment, 15 second-level indicators and 34 third-level indicators. Conclusion & suggestions:The recreational sustainability management evaluation indicator system for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster has regional, representative, systematic and pragmatic characteristics. The application of the Recreational Sustainability Management Evaluation Indicator System for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster needs to be supported by monitoring and statistical systems. However, the foundation of these two fields in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster is relatively weak. In order to apply the evaluation indicator system of recreational sustainability management, it is suggested to improve related monitoring and statistics systems. On the one hand, priority should be given to monitoring number of visitors, rare and endemic species, water environment quality, vegetation coverage, authenticity, and integrity of cultural heritage in the national park cluster potential construction area. On the other hand, it is necessary to give priority to strengthen the statistical work on the visitor attributes, visitors' satisfaction, local community satisfaction, the contribution of recreation to local economic and social development, and the waste disposal rate of recreation.

Does good governance promote sustainable tourism? A systematic review of PESTEL analysis

“…They suggest on how to build sustainable tourism consumption. Zhang ( 2021a , 2021b ) conducted policy diversification and comprehensive research on emission trading plans or carbon tax to enhance the computable general equilibrium model, dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model, difference method, regression discontinuity method, and consider the overall or sectoral impact on different tourism economic and environmental variables. Ma and Lu ( 2016 ) constructed a new heritage tourism development model according to the unique situation of the cross-provincial distribution of chieftain heritage and innovatively combined heritage tourism development with regional poverty alleviation.…”

“…Sustainability in tourism is the only way to address growing environmental, social, and economic crises. Zhang ( 2021a , 2021b ) examined the Shennongjia National Park system pilot area in Hubei Province. They used the mixed research method to explore residents' perceptions of sustainable tourism and its impact on the economy.…”

“…Bramwell ( 2010 ) also suggested that we should devote more research attention to the broad range of contexts and activities of tourism governance. Researchers like Zhang et al ( 2021a , b ) scientifically analyzed and investigated potential national park construction areas. They urged the need for national parks for recreational sustainability management evaluation indicators and applying China's global sustainable tourism destination standard.…”

Quality measurement and travel intention effect of digital cultural ecosystem service of the nature reserve conservations：Taking the cyberspace of five national parks in China as an example

“…自 然 资 源 学 报 文化生态系统服务有助于提升人的福祉 [13,14] ，推动国民更好地理解自然，推进社会公众对 自然保护地的支持。Fish 等 [15] 提出文化生态系统服务具有的三维益处，即身份认同、体 验、能力。具体到旅游情境中，旅游地被视为一个整体的社会-生态系统 [16] ，是融合了 人类社会与自然的复杂互动和反馈 [17] ，资源的不同利用方式也会对社会-生态系统产生 影响 [18,19] ，因此也出现了"生态系统服务社会价值" (Social Values for Ecosystem Servic-es，SolVES) [20] 等概念。对于国家公园的参观与管理来说，生态系统具有特殊的社会价 值 [21] ，其核心目标在于造福人类社会 [22] ，游客是生态系统服务的关键受益人，最看重文 化服务 [23] 。当下，对于文化生态系统进行精确定位的需求日益上升，也产生了对文化生 态系统服务量化研究的需求。 在文化生态系统服务的评价与测量方面，以往研究主要关注经济层面，例如使用市 场价值法测度文化传承功能 [24] 。近来，学者也从多维度进行衡量，罗琦等 [25] 确定了八类 文化服务，包括生理及精神健康、灵感美学价值、教育研究价值、精神宗教价值、文化 遗产价值、地方感/故土情结、休闲娱乐价值等。国外研究者提出的文化生态系统价值评 估的指标包括娱乐和生态旅游美学价值观、精神和宗教价值观、教育价值观、文化遗产 价值观、内在和存在价值、灵感、地方感、知识体系、社会关系和文化多样性等 [26] 。与 此同时，研究者也对具体情境下的自然保护地体验进行了测量。陈东军等 [27] 提出了国家 公园研学旅行适宜性评价指标体系，包括教育价值、游憩价值、环境条件、相关设施及 服务；从可持续性角度，张丛林等 [28] 使用的指标包括旅游吸引物保护、游客管理、文化 遗产保护、景区景点解说、知识产权、游客参与可持续发展；从旅游角度，张业臣等 [29] 分析了国家公园生态系统服务中的美学价值、经济价值、未来价值、文化价值、休闲娱 乐价值、历史价值、精神价值、学习价值等。 总体来看，以往对文化生态系统服务的研究视角以供给方为主 [30] ，但在未来，旅游 资源评价将更注重个体需求和体验，新技术的应用也将扮演更重要的角色 [31] 。尤其是在 数字时代背景下，国家公园的网络建设大规模开启。以往国家公园的文化生态系统通过 实地文化服务实现自然保护、科研、教育、游憩等综合功能 [32] [33] ，该阶段为内容分析和访 谈设计采集材料，奠定基础。在民族志实践中，情境包括凝聚在访谈者、被访谈者以及 相关时空和实践内的结构 [34] 。本文中情境化访谈是指先由被访者阅读或观看指定材料， 进入连接式共生的数字化情境 [35] [36] 。分析过程采用最重要的质性分析软件之一， Maxqda，该技术能够实现文字的统计化分析，挖掘出文本对象的固有性质 [37] 。分析过程 包含三阶段编码，即开放编码、主轴编码和选择编码。研究者首先通过共识的词汇进行 编码，进而根据编码类属的相似性将其划分为概念类属 (Categories) ，最后根据类属的 相关性提炼主题 (Theme) [38] 。为确保编码的可信度，研究采用类属一致性指标 (Category Agreement，CA)，当其一致性大于 70%时，视为可信 [39] [41] ，本文在新时代拓展 了其精神价值，并在传统生态系统服务的地区生态网络空间 [42] 之外，创新文化生态系统 服务的数字空间理论，探索了其不同于实地生态系统服务的性质和特征。研究发现了以 往教育、运动、生活等体验 [43] 之外的美学价值、社交价值与精神价值和娱乐价值在数字 文化生态系统服务评价中的重要性，体现出中国国家公园的多重属性。基于此，研究开 发了国家公园数字化文化生态系统 (D-CES) 量表，为以国家公园为代表的自然保护地 的评价提供了创新性的测量、评估和比较的科学依据。此外，以往研究发现普通公众对 国家公园的了解不足 [23] 上传视频或实时互动等方式分享本真性体验，让潜在旅游者在平台进行交流分享，从而 促进潜在游客的行为和决策 [44] 。在用户自主性不断上升的数字时代，用户的输出性和交 流性参与有助于国家公园价值共...…”