Evaluation Frequency of Human Papillomavirus and Its Related Genotypes in Women of the General Population Living in 11 Provinces of Iran

Abstract

Introduction. Persistent infection with one of the most high-risk genotypes of human papillomavirus causes all cases of cervical cancer and a significant proportion of other genital cancers. The HPV virus, unlike any other infection that leads to cancer, is transmitted only through sexual intercourse and is less affected by the general changes and development in lifestyle and medical standards, so only vaccination and screening can prevent the HPV virus and cancers caused by it. Therefore, determining the prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes are of utmost importance in screening strategies regarding cervical cancer and vaccination decisions against HPV that vary based on the geographical and cultural characteristics of the study area. As a result, this study aimed to determine the frequency of human papillomavirus and the distribution of this virus’s genotypes in the general population of women living in 11 provinces of Iran. Materials and Methods. This study is a community-based survey study. Sampling was done by the cluster sampling method. Women aged 15–59 years old from the general population living in 11 provinces of Iran were included in the study after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using a questionnaire and vaginal examination. The study was performed on 2562 vaginal specimens that were referred to the laboratory of the present study. HPV genome was detected by the nested MY-GP method and papillomavirus genotyping was performed using the PCR multiplex method to identify 19 papillomavirus genotypes. Results. The general prevalence of HPV in the 11 provinces was obtained at 2.4% (108 out of 2562 people). The highest prevalence of the virus was in the age group of 25–34 years. The prevalence of HPV was statistically significant among different provinces. Hormozgan province with 22 cases (5.9%) had the highest and Isfahan province with 6 cases (2.2%) had the lowest incidence of HPV. The prevalence of high-risk HPV and medium-risk HPV is 3%, and the prevalence of low-risk HPV was estimated to be 2.1% of the total female population. Also, the highest prevalence was related to genotype 16. Conclusion. According to the high prevalence of the HPV virus in young age groups in Iran, it is necessary to pay attention to screening programs to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.

Evaluation of the prevalent genotypes of human papillomavirus in the population of women in Golestan province in the northeastern of Iran

“…It is clear that the percentage of high-risk is more than others, and it is 60%, then the probably high risk is 14 % and the low-risk genotypes are 26%. The most common lowrisk genotypes (26 percent) belonged to virus types (6,11,40,42,43,44,54,61,62,81,83, and 89) while the most common high-risk genotypes (60 percent) belonged to virus types (16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59, 66, 67, and 68) and the most common probably high risk genotypes (14 percent) belonged to virus types (26, 53, 70, 73, and 82).…”

“…Annealing, Extension, and fluorescence measurement involve 46 cycles of 30 seconds each at 60°C. The kit can identify 32 common types of papillomavirus, including high-risk types (16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59, 66, 67, and 68) possibly high-risk types (26, 53, 70, 73, and 82) and low-risk types of papillomavirus (6,11,40,42,43,44, 54, 61, 62, 81, 83, and 89) and based on the identification of E6 and E7 genes, according to Taqman Real-Time PCR, which can be used in more accurate diagnosis of the cause of complications and diseases be helpful. This kit amplifies DNA fragments by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and identifies the E6 and E7 genes of 32 various genotypes of the HPV virus in three separate mixtures, which are then amplified by the reaction mixture in chitin regions and the release of the fluorescence signal created by the Real-Time PCR device is measured.…”

“…The HPV virus can be transmitted from an HPV-positive partner to a negative partner during the first sexual activity. According to the last research of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), HPV genotypes are classified into three groups: high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotypes (group 1: types 16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59, 68, 73, and 82), putative high-risk HPV(pHR-HPV) genotypes (group 2: types 26, 53, and 66), and the last group is called low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) types which includes (group3: types 6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, and 70) and dramatic evidence show that they cannot cause cancer (Group 4) It has been confirmed that persistent HR-HPV infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer so that the HPV16 and HPV18 are associated to more than 70% of the cases [4,5].…”

Prevalence and risk factors of anal human papillomavirus infection among men with anal condyloma acuminata by HIV status in ShenZhen, Southeast China: A retrospective cohort study

“…According to the manufacturer's instructions, DNA Extraction (boiling method) Kit and HPV nucleic acid Typing Kit (BioPerfectus Technologies, Jiangsu, China) were used to identify 21 HPV types, including 13 Hr‐HPV: HPV‐16, −18, −31, −33, −35, −39, −45, −51, −52, −56, −58, −59, −68, 5 Medium‐risk HPV: HPV‐26, −66, −82, −53, −73 and 3 Lr‐HPV: HPV‐11, −6, −81 27 . The reaction conditions of fluorescent PCR were as follows: Incubated with uracil DNA glycosylase at 50°C for 5 min; initial denaturation at 95°C for 10 min; 45 cycles of 95°C for 10 s and 58°C for 40 s. The HPV type was judged to be positive if the corresponding amplification curve showed a typical S‐shape and CT value was less than the reference.…”

“…According to the manufacturer's instructions, DNA Extraction 27 The reaction conditions of fluorescent PCR were as follows: Incubated with uracil DNA glycosylase at 50°C for 5 min; initial denaturation at 95°C for 10 min; 45 cycles of 95°C for 10 s and 58°C for 40 s. The HPV type was judged to be positive if the corresponding amplification curve showed a typical S-shape and CT value was less than the reference.…”