Evaluation for Simultaneous Removal of Anionic and Cationic Dyes onto Maple Leaf-Derived Biochar Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Rapid development in the printing and dying industry produces large amounts of wastewater, and its discharge in the environment causes pollution. Keeping in view the carcinogenic and mutagenic properties of various dyes, it is important to treat dyed wastewater. Maple leaf biochars were produced at different pyrolysis temperatures, i.e., 350 °C, 550 °C, and 750 °C, characterized for physicochemical properties and used for the removal of cationic (methylene blue (MB)) and anionic dye (congo red (CR)). Response surface methodology (RSM) using three variables, i.e., pH (4, 7, and 10), pyrolysis temperature (350 °C, 550 °C, and 750 °C), and adsorption temperature (20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C), was designed to find the optimum condition for dyes removal. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed an increase in CaCO3 crystallinity and a decrease in MgCO3 crystallinity with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. RSM design results showed that maple biochar showed maximum adsorption capacity for cationic dye at higher pH (9–10) and for anionic dye at pH 4-6, respectively. Under the selected condition of pH 7 and an adsorption temperature of 30 °C, biochar MB550 was able to remove MB and CR by 68% and 74%, respectively, from dye mixtures. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed that MB550 was able to remove both dyes simultaneously from the aqueous mixtures.

Preparation and Characterization of Physicochemical Properties of Spruce Cone Biochars Activated by CO2

“…The G band at 1590 cm −1 indicates the stretching vibrations of sp 2 bonds in the aromatic, hexagonal graphene planes [62]. When biochars are disordered (Figure 6), two broad peaks appear, because of sp 3 (at 1360 cm −1 , D band) and sp 2 (1590 cm −1 , G band) structures vibration. The bands in Figure 6 are relatively broad, indicating the presence of small graphite crystallite sizes and the turbostratic structures of the biochars.…”

“…The interest in using biochar in environmental protection has increased significantly due to its physical and chemical properties. Large surface area, low bulk density, great stability and strong adsorption capacity of biochar make it widely used in the sustainable environment and green technologies: monitoring of air pollution [ 1 ], wastewater treatment [ 2 , 3 , 4 ], biotechnology and renewable energy technologies as well as supercapacitors [ 5 ], catalysts [ 6 , 7 ] and green nanocomposites [ 8 ]. In addition, biochar plays an important role in improving soil fertility and increasing the carbon storage in the soil [ 9 , 10 ].…”

“…For production of biochar there can be virtually used all types of biomass: sewage sludge [ 20 ], residues from the agricultural and food industries (e.g., rice husks, cotton stalks and nut shells [ 17 , 21 , 22 ], soybean husks [ 22 ], winter wheat at full maturity (grains and straw were pyrolyzed separately) and meadow grass [ 14 ], maple leaf [ 3 ], banana peels [ 23 ], cocoa tree ( Gliricidia sepium ) biomass [ 24 ], wastes of date palm [ 25 ] and oil palm shell [ 26 ], cork wastes [ 7 ], microalgae ( Spirulina sp.) [ 2 ] and macroalgal ( Eucheuma spinosum ) biomass [ 4 ]), energy plants (e.g., corn cobs, poplar ( Populus ), willow ( Salix ) [ 14 ]) and raw materials of forest origin (e.g., tree bark [ 17 , 21 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]), eucalyptus residues [ 27 ], sphagnum moss [ 17 , 21 , 30 , 31 ], mature acorns ( Quercus pubescens ) and mature cypress cones ( Cupressus sempervirens pyramidals ) [ 32 ], pine cones [ 33 , 34 ], larch cones ( Larix decidua Mill.…”

“…Comparison of the maximum adsorption capacity of the prepared biochars with that of other adsorbents. Active carbon was impregnated with NaNO 3 in water, calcined in the He flow at 773 K for 3 h;3,4 Active carbons were activated by the aqueous HNO 3 or H 2 SO 4 solution and finally calcined in the He flow at 773 K for 3 h.; 5 biochars obtained from the wood shaving waste, pirolysis at 250 • C, activation with 30% H 3 PO 4 (450 • C/60 min); 6 hydrochar obtained from the oak wood, pirolysis at 250 • C, activation with KOH; 7 hydrochar obtained from the oak wood, pirolysis at 250 • C, activation with H 2 O 2; 8 biochar obtained from the oak wood, pirolysis at 450 • C, activation with KOH; 9 biochar obtained from the oak wood, pirolysis at 450 • C, activation with H 2 O 2 ; 10 activated carbon (Aldrich Darco), purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co.; 11 activated carbon (Merk), purchased from Merck KGaA. *: the biochars activation process was carried out by CO 2 (99.995%).…”

Effectivity of Indonesian Rice Husk as an Adsorbent for Removing Congo Red from Aqueous Solutions

“…Several methods for removing dyes from wastewater have been developed to decrease their impact on health and environment (Banerjee and Chattopadhyaya, 2017). These methods include adsorption (Palapa et al, 2021), coagulation/ flocculation (Mozumder and Islam, 2010), electrochemical (Cotillas et al, 2018), microbial decomposition (Patil et al, 2016), sonochemical (Gholami et al, 2019), wet air oxidation, ozonation (Banerjee and Chattopadhyaya, 2017), and ion exchange (Choi et al, 2020). Among these methods, adsorption is a wellknown separation method that provides an effective process for dye removal from wastewater.…”