“…There are unique challenges in data acquisition and preprocessing, such as relatively small cross-sectional dimension, the variable articulated structure of the spine between individuals, low signal intensity in standard gradient-echo echo-planar T2 ∗ -weighted fMRI and voluntary (bulk motion) or involuntary (fluctuation of cerebrospinal fluid due to respiration and heartbeat) movements during image acquisition (Dehghani, Oghabian, Batouli, Arab Kheradmand, & Khatibi, 2020; Kinany et al, 2022; Powers, Ioachim, & Stroman, 2018). Spinal cord motions can cause signal alterations across volumes, which decrease the temporal stability of the signal and ultimately increase false positive and negative discovery rates (Cohen-Adad, Piche, Rainville, Benali, & Rossignol, 2007; Dehghani, Weber, Batouli, Oghabian, & Khatibi, 2020; Stroman, Figley, & Cahill, 2008).…”