Evaluation and assessment of water quality in Likangala River and its catchment area

Chidya, Russel; Sajidu, S.M.I.; Mwatseteza, Jonas; Masamba, W.R.L.

doi:10.1016/j.pce.2011.07.070

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…According to aforesaid statement, the appropriate discharging amount can be taken in 10 cms to 15 cms in order to dilute the BOD of community wastewater less 3 mg/L (PCD, 2013) which is conditioned for aquatic lives and waterworks as well as desirable usage for any activities. If discharge more than 15 cms, the diluting mixture would be highly deteriorated due to wash off organic matters and soils through flooding along the riverbanks, while less 10-cms discharge from Phetchaburi diversion dam was surely caused to low effective dilution process due to too low amount of mass water flow which were the same trends of previous research results of Wang et al (1978); Vagnetti et al (2003); Tanji et al (2006); Tyagi et al (1999); Tchobanoglous and Schoeder (1985); Streeter and Phelps (1925); Reynolds and Edwards (1995); Postel and Richter (2003); Ntengwe (2006);McColl (1974); Luderitz et al (2004); Lajoie et al (2007); Derx et al (2014), Chidya et al (2011);Cazelles et al (1991); Berkowitz et al (2011);and Berkun (2005).…”

Section: Contaminant-based Requirement For Discharge Selectionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Appropriate Discharge from Diversion Dam to Dilute High Concentrated Community Wastewater of Riverbank Settlements along Phetchaburi River in Phetchaburi Province, Thailand

Mahasinpaisarn¹,

Chunkao²,

Tanchalanukit³

et al. 2015

MAS

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The research was focused on determining dilatability of traveling mass water from Phetchaburi diversion dam on high concentrated community wastewater that flowing into Phetchaburi river. The mass water quality was sampled at six-consecutive measuring stations from Phetchaburi diversion dam to the river mouth with various distances of traveling, and analyzed for 27 environmental indicators before employing ANOVA ANALYSIS which resulted with highly significant differences between indicator and station only BOD, COD, TSS, and turbidity. When the linear regression was employed to determine both the water quality indicators in relation to discharges (10, 15, 20, and 25 cms.) and the traveling distances, resulting the determination coefficients of 0.93 for BOD, 0.80 for COD, 0.83 for TSS, and 0.50 for turbidity. Only BOD value is included in the list of surface water quality standards. After employing the derived equations to calculate BOD in comparison with observed value, then it was chosen to support the decision of required BOD for 3 mg/L at Muang Municipal Bridge together with discharge of 10-15 cms from Phetchaburi diversion dam. If more or less this range in summer period, the dilatability of high contaminant concentration was decreased 2-10 folds due to less mass water flow and washing off organic and solid wastes from flooding along the riverbanks. Furthermore, the traveling mass water from diversion dam is possibly eligible to dilute the high concentrated wastewater from dense and populated community but the diluted mixture depending on the amount and concentration of wastewater inflow.

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Section: Contaminant-based Requirement For Discharge Selectionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Appropriate Discharge from Diversion Dam to Dilute High Concentrated Community Wastewater of Riverbank Settlements along Phetchaburi River in Phetchaburi Province, Thailand

Mahasinpaisarn¹,

Chunkao²,

Tanchalanukit³

et al. 2015

MAS

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“…The increase in bicarbonate concentrations downstream of urban and agricultural estates could be due to oxidation of organic matter, which increases bicarbonate concentrations (Wanda et al 2012). The high chloride concentrations found at Lake Chilwa may be due to accumulated pollution loads, and possibly also to underground hot springs which are sources of minerals that may contain chloride (Chidya et al 2011). Sulphates increased at SP2 due to domestic and sewage waste.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subcatchments around these sampling points were examined for dominant land use, topography and socio-economic activity, using field observations and Google Earth images before sampling sites were chosen. Water quality samples were collected in both dry and wet seasons to assess river health, as there are seasonal variations caused by rainfall and increased runoff that can affect water quality (Chidya et al 2011). Four sets of water samples were collected at seven sampling points along the Likangala River ( Figure 2, Table 1), two during the dry season (May 2013) and two during the wet season (October 2013).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Likangala River, 15°22′-15°30′ S, 35°15′-35°37′ E, at 631 m to 1 603 m above sea level and with a catchment area of 756 km 2 (Figure 1), is about 50 km long (Chidya et al 2011). The Likangala catchment is affected by increasing population which has resulted in urban sprawl with many new settlements in Zomba city and Thondwe town, the two major urban areas in Zomba District.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of land use on water quality in the Likangala catchment, southern Malawi

Pullanikkatil

Palamuleni

Ruhiiga

2015

African Journal of Aquatic Science

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Safe drinking water, good sanitation and hygiene are important for good health, human survival and development. However, human activities have affected water quality in many river catchments worldwide. Hellar-Kihampa et al. (2013) concluded that the Pangani River, Tanzania, had the worst water quality in the Moshi, Arusha and Kilimanjaro region, with the highest levels of Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , HCO 3 − and F − , the presence of these contaminants being as a result of human activities. Industrial water pollution has also been reported in many countries in Africa such as Lesotho (Pullanikkatil and Urama 2011) and Ghana (Attua et al. 2014). Changes in water quality are usually associated with changes in land use (Arnold and Gibbons 1996). Characterising changes in land use, coupled with increased population growth, has revealed the vulnerability of water quality in various catchments. The clearing of natural vegetation and the transformation of natural land use into urban developments are known to increase runoff and sediment loads, which also facilitates the transfer of pollutants from land to waterbodies (Arnold and Gibbons 1996). A positive correlation between population density and deterioration in water quality was found along the Bagmati River, Nepal (Bhatt et al. 2014). Therefore, combined pressures of human population growth, inadequate treatment of human wastes and ineffectively managed and treated industrial and agricultural wastes make it imperative that continuous monitoring of water quality is implemented for the provision of clean and safe water for human consumption and optimal environmental integrity. Africa's water resources are underutilised and pollution of both surface and groundwater resources has been increasing, leading to serious health risks to both humans and the ecosystem (UNECA u.d.). Pollution has caused the growth of water hyacinth which has affected, for example, Lake Victoria, the Nile River, and Lake Chivero in Zimbabwe. Malawi's river catchments, in spite of being important for its population, have been deteriorating in terms of river channel integrity, ecosystem health and water quality due to human activities. The Likangala River catchment, southern Malawi, which includes forest reserves, is affected by changes in land use caused by the increasing population and breakdown in catchment management and conservation practices. Deforestation, agriculture and degrading activities such as waste disposal, river bank cultivation and river sand mining have affected the water quality of this river (Jamu et al. 2003; Chavula and Mulwafu 2007). Chidya et al. (2011) assessed the quality of water in the Likangala River and showed that it is affected by pollution from human activities. The present study updates and expands that study, focusing on water quality, and observes land use with the intent of identifying the major land-based activities that cause changes in water quality. Study area The Likangala River is the only river in Malawi that passes through a city (Zomba) and its catchment include...

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“…Furthermore, these results, compared well with studies done in the same area by Sajidu et al (2006) and Kumwenda et al (2012). Another study done in Malawi by Chidya et al (2011) on Likangala River, Zomba City reported maximum concentrations of Cd (0.05 mg/L) and Pb (0.71 mg/L) to be higher than those from other countries. However the values found for these analytes were lower than those found in Blantyre City as reported by Kaonga et al (2008) and Kaonga et al (2012).…”

Section: Heavy Metal Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 87%

A review of heavy metals in soil and aquatic systems of urban and semi-urban areas in Malawi with comparisons to other selected countries

Kaonga¹,

Kosamu²,

Lakudzala³

et al. 2017

Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Growth of cities in developing countries comes with increasing transportation and industrial activities which may contribute to accumulation of heavy metals in the environment. This paper provides a review of studies on heavy metals in Malawi`s environment, their potential environmental impacts and possible removal methods with comparisons to other selected countries. The reviewed data from Malawi showed that in water samples, heavy metal concentrations were higher than World Health Organisation (WHO) and Malawi Bureau of Standards (MBS) safe limits especially in streams passing through industrial sites. Reports of heavy metals (especially Cu, Mn and Zn) showed that in industrial effluents, the individual levels of each of them were at least 6 times higher as compared to those in surface water bodies. In rivers there was accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni and Zn) by algae whereby bioconcentration factors (BCF) ranged from 1.0 to 42 in some of the studies. Generally, metal levels in soils and selected organisms were much higher than those in water samples which further confirm possible accumulation. Since some aquatic organisms are consumed by humans, there is potential for the heavy metals to cause cancer and kidney damage. The studies done in Malawi compared well to those conducted elsewhere. The degradation of water resources by heavy metals compromises sustainability of water bodies and vital aquatic ecosystems hence negatively impacting on Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) efforts. This calls for periodic heavy metal monitoring and identifying ways of reducing their release into the environment.

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Evaluation and assessment of water quality in Likangala River and its catchment area

Cited by 28 publications

References 7 publications

Appropriate Discharge from Diversion Dam to Dilute High Concentrated Community Wastewater of Riverbank Settlements along Phetchaburi River in Phetchaburi Province, Thailand

Appropriate Discharge from Diversion Dam to Dilute High Concentrated Community Wastewater of Riverbank Settlements along Phetchaburi River in Phetchaburi Province, Thailand

Impact of land use on water quality in the Likangala catchment, southern Malawi

A review of heavy metals in soil and aquatic systems of urban and semi-urban areas in Malawi with comparisons to other selected countries

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