Evaluation and Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Milk Products in Yemen Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Aflatoxin M1 is one of the major fungal contaminants found in dairy products around the globe. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples of milk and milk products in Yemen. The tested dairy product samples were collected from different sources for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Yemen. A total of 250 local and imported samples consisting of 38 liquid milk, 60 powder milk, 62 yogurt, and 90 cheese samples which are marketed throughout Yemen were tested by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) along with a fluorescence detector and immunoaffinity column purification for detection of AFM1. High levels of AFM1 were detected in preserved milk (77.24%), ranging from 0.021 μg/L to 5.95 μg/L. On the other hand, AFM1 was detected in 66.66% and 68.42% in powdered milk and liquid milk samples, respectively. Among dairy products, 87.09% of yogurt and 81.39% of cheese samples were found contaminated with AFM1. The AMF1 values were higher than the acceptable range for humans set by the European Union. So, we concluded that dairy products used in Yemen showed an AFM1 content beyond the acceptable range, and this is a major factor for causing health-related complications including cancer. In the present study, we reported for the first time the presence of mycotoxins especially AFM1 in dairy products used in Yemen.

Innovative application of postbiotics, parabiotics and encapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum RM1 and Lactobacillus paracasei KC39 for detoxification of aflatoxin M1 in milk powder

“…AFM 1 is a metabolite, not a regular secretion by fungi, which might explain the lack of packed/unpacked difference. These outcomes are similar to those reported by Murshed (2020) and may relate to lack of awareness, insufficient regulatory infrastructure, and/or the absence of proper storage conditions for the animal feed, which resulted in contamination with AFB 1 that bio transformed into AFM 1 and was secreted in milk (Mohammedi-Ameur et al ., 2020).…”

Assessment of aflatoxin M1 and B1 in some dairy products with referring to the analytical performances of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in comparison to high-performance liquid chromatography

“…The injection volume was 10 µL and the column temperature was 40°C. The detection limit for AFM 1 in dairy products was 0.002 µg/L [25,26].…”

Detección de micotoxinas (aflatoxinas) en alimentos primarios y procesados para humanos y animales de granja, en Riobamba-Ecuador

“…Estos contaminantes también suelen aparecer por la mala práctica de ordeño y mala condición de almacenamiento (Prandini et al, 2009); se excretan en la orina y la leche y se transmiten a la leche fresca y procesada, queso y yogur (Grimaud y Jhonson, 2009). Los tratamientos térmicos como la pasteurización, generalmente no disminuyen la concentración de AFM1 (Landeros et al, 2012;Murshed, 2020) Por las características nutricionales y la larga vida útil que poseen los frutos secos, cereales, maíz, trigo, son considerados como una buena alternativa de alimentación, sin embargo, estos productos tienen una alta susceptibilidad a la contaminación por micotoxinas y se pueden convertir en una grave amenaza para la salud animal y humana (Rahimi et al, 2021).…”