Evaluating Viral Interference Between Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine Strains Using Quantitative Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction

Abstract

The potential for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) replication interference was evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Fourteen-day-old broiler chickens were inoculated via eyedrop with live commercial vaccine strains of IBV and NDV alone or in combination to directly evaluate IBV and NDV replication in the trachea at 1, 3, and 5 days after vaccination. Commercial NDV vaccine strains used were B1, VG/GA, and C2. The vaccine strains of IBV tested were Massachusetts (Mass) and Arkansas (Ark). The NDV + Mass vaccines used were commercially manufactured combined products. The NDV + Ark vaccines used were commercial vaccines manufactured as single entity products that were administered by eyedrop to opposite eyes of each chicken. As measured by qRT-PCR, the replication of NDV strains B1, VG/GA, and C2 did not interfere with the growth of IBV Mass and Ark strain vaccines in the combined vaccine treatment groups. Combination vaccinations using B1 and VG/GA did not interfere with IBV immunity based on challenge or serum antibody production. In the C2 + Mass vaccination trial, IBV immunity after challenge was reduced, but it did not seem to be a result of reduced Mass vaccine growth or the ability of the Mass vaccine to induce serum IBV antibody. In contrast, the replication of IBV strains Mass and Ark interfered with the growth of NDV strains B1, VG/GA, and C2 as measured by qRT-PCR. However, interference with NDV replication was not reflected in a reduction in Newcastle disease challenge of immunity findings when combination Mass + NDV products manufactured by vaccine companies were tested. Moreover, NDV immunity was not compromised in two of three trials using single entity vaccines of NDV and Ark IBV vaccines manufactured separately but administered simultaneously. However, in one trial, NDV immunity was decreased where a NDV single entity product (C2) was given with an IBV single entity Ark vaccine. This finding emphasizes the importance of using manufactured combination vaccines whenever possible to avoid potential interference.

Experimental co-infections of domestic ducks with a virulent Newcastle disease virus and low or highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses

“…Replication of one virus might be affected by previous replication in the same site of another virus that has already activated antiviral immune responses including immunomodulators or recruitment of immune cells. Other studies examining co-infection of LPAIV and NDV with other respiratory viruses of poultry demonstrated that co-infections can either exacerbate clinical disease, or, like in our study, affect virus replication by lowering viral titers, serological conversion and virus transmission (Gelb et al, 2007; Haghighat-Jahromi et al, 2008; Hanson et al, 1956; Raggi and Lee, 1963; Turpin et al, 2002). …”

Virus interference between H7N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus in experimental co-infections in chickens and turkeys

“…Research has shown that infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) interfered with the replication of l NDV [45-47]. However, IBV live vaccine increased the severity of H9N2 LPAIV infections [11,12], and it was suggested that IBV was a supplier of trypsin-like proteases therefore enhancing the reach of systemic sites by the virus.…”

Combined infectious bronchitis virus Arkansas and Massachusetts serotype vaccination suppresses replication of Arkansas vaccine virus

“…Fluorescence resonance energy transfer qRT-PCR assays specific for each of the vaccines were designed. Two oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify a 236-nt portion of the nucleocapsid gene of both Ark and Mass vaccines: IBVN 4F 5′-AAGAAAACCAGTCCCAGATGCTTG-3′ and previously designed IBVN 2R 5′-GATTCAGAGGAATGAAGTCCCAACG-3′ (van Ginkel et al, 2008). Each of these primers matches both vaccine strains exactly.…”

“…Probes specific for Ark and Mass vaccine viruses were used to detect amplicons. Previously described labelled donor probe and acceptor probe (van Ginkel et al, 2008) match the Ark vaccine N gene amplicon and were used to quantify Ark vaccine RNA copies. The 5′-labelled acceptor probe previously described matches the Mass vaccine N gene amplicon but the donor probe differs in two positions.…”

“…Compared to ILTV vaccination alone, both monovalent Newcastle disease virus and multivalent vaccines reduced the replication and protection induced by tissue culture origin ILTV vaccination as indicated by more pronounced clinical signs following ILTV challenge (Vagnozzi et al, 2010). IBV has also been reported to negatively interfere with Newcastle disease virus replication when the two vaccines are administered simultaneously (Gelb et al, 2007). Interference between IBV serotypes has also been reported previously; a virulent Mass serotype (Mass-41) strain interfered with induction of neutralizing antibody by the milder Conn strain when delivered combined (Winterfield, 1968).…”