“…Three ML algorithms, including artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), and DT, were frequently employed. These models were developed for many applications, such as culverts' remaining service life estimation [9,10,17], predicting specific culvert failure or deterioration types [8,11,12,[18][19][20], coupling with digital image correlation (DIC) techniques to identify and analyze structural defects [21,22], and predicting the condition of other types of transportation assets [23][24][25][26]. For model evaluation, commonly used metrics are accuracy, recall, precision, F-score, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for classification.…”