Evaluating the Viability of 100 per cent Container Inspection at America’s Ports

Martonosi, Susan E.; Ortiz, David S.; Willis, Henry H.

doi:10.4337/9781845428150.00017

Cited by 67 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…The difference in cost between a traditional transmission system and a new ToF system is solely dependent on the detectors and associated electronics. The economic impact of implementing the United States' 100% cargo screening laws has been well researched (see Martonosi et al, 2005, for example), and the economic cost must be taken into account when designing new screening technologies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the time required to analyse an image is much longer than the time required to obtain the image. Estimates of analysis time are difficult to obtain in literature, however Martonosi et al (2005) state "(…) an operator may take up to 15 minutes to review the image" (p. 226). The long time required to analyse the image is due to its large size, the number of complex and overlapping objects included within the image, and the confusing geometry used.…”

Section: Problems With Current Screening Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preliminary Monte Carlo simulations of linear accelerators in Time-of-Flight Compton Scatter imaging for cargo security

Calvert

Morton²,

Speller

2013

Crime Sci

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The economic impact of illicit trade is in the trillions of dollars per year, with a proportion of this trade concealed within cargo containers. The interdiction of this trade relies upon efficient and effective external screening of cargo containers, typically using x rays. The present work introduces a technique of x-ray screening that aims to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of x-ray screening. Traditional X-ray screening of cargo containers is performed using high-energy (MV) transmission imaging or low-energy (kV) Compton scatter imaging to provide two-dimensional images. Two-dimensional images can contain complex, overlapping objects and require significant experience and time to interpret. Time-of-Flight information can be used in conjunction with Compton scatter imaging to provide information about the depth of each Compton scatter interaction, leading to three-dimensional images, reducing false positives and image analysis time. The expected Time-of-Flight from photons scattered back from a set of objects is well defined when the photons are produced with a delta-type (infinitely narrow) pulse duration, however, commercially available linear accelerators used for cargo screening typically have pulse widths of the order of 1 μs. In the present work, the possible use of linear accelerators for Time-of-Flight Compton scatter imaging is investigated using a mixture of analytic and Monte Carlo methods. Ideal data are obtained by convolving a number of wide x-ray pulses (up to 5 μs) with the expected Time-of-Flight from a set of objects using a delta-type pulse. Monte Carlo simulations, using Geant4, have been performed to generate x-ray spectra produced by a linear accelerator. The spectra are then used as the input for detailed Monte Carlo simulations of the Time-of-Flight of photons produced by a single linear accelerator pulse scattering back from a set of objects. Both ideal and Monte Carlo data suggest that Time-of-Flight information can be recovered from a wide linear accelerator pulse, provided that the leading and falling edge of the pulse are sharp. In addition, it has been found that using a linear accelerator leads to double the amount of Time-of-Flight information as both the leading and falling edge are utilised (unlike for a delta-type pulse).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Problems With Current Screening Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Monte Carlo simulations of linear accelerators in Time-of-Flight Compton Scatter imaging for cargo security

Calvert

Morton²,

Speller

2013

Crime Sci

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“…Some examples of policy work on this issue are Greenberg et al (2006), Martonosi et al (2006), and Boske (2006). Examples of the OM approach can be found in Wein et al (2007) and Wein et al (2006).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Securing the Containerized Supply Chain: Analysis of Government Incentives for Private Investment

Bakshi

Gans

2010

Management Science

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To mitigate the threat that terrorists smuggle weapons of mass destruction into the United States through maritime containers, the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) inspects containers upon entry to domestic ports. Inspection-driven congestion is costly, and CBP provides incentives to firms to improve security upstream in the supply chain, thereby reducing the inspection burden at U.S. ports. We perform an economic analysis of this incentive program, called Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT), modeling in a game-theoretic framework the strategic interaction between CBP, trading firms, and terrorists. Our equilibrium results highlight the possibility that a properly run program can efficiently shift some of CBP's security burden to private industry. These results also suggest that CBP may have the opportunity to use strategic delay as an incentive for firms to join. Analysis of comparative statics shows that, with increasing capacity, membership in C-TPAT systematically declines. THE WHARTON RISK MANAGEMENT AND DECISION PROCESSES CENTEREstablished in 1984, the Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center develops and promotes effective corporate and public policies for low-probability events with potentially catastrophic consequences through the integration of risk assessment, and risk perception with risk management strategies. Natural disasters, technological hazards, and national and international security issues (e.g., terrorism risk insurance markets, protection of critical infrastructure, global security) are among the extreme events that are the focus of the Center's research.The Risk Center's neutrality allows it to undertake large-scale projects in conjunction with other researchers and organizations in the public and private sectors. Building on the disciplines of economics, decision sciences, finance, insurance, marketing and psychology, the Center supports and undertakes field and experimental studies of risk and uncertainty to better understand how individuals and organizations make choices under conditions of risk and uncertainty. Risk Center research also investigates the effectiveness of strategies such as risk communication, information sharing, incentive systems, insurance, regulation and public-private collaborations at a national and international scale. From these findings, the Wharton Risk Center's research team -over 50 faculty, fellows and doctoral students -is able to design new approaches to enable individuals and organizations to make better decisions regarding risk under various regulatory and market conditions. The Center is also concerned with training leading decision makers. It actively engages multiple viewpoints, including top-level representatives from industry, government, international organizations, interest groups and academics through its research and policy publications, and through sponsored seminars, roundtables and forums.More information is available at http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/risk. can efficiently shift some of...

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“…Examples of methods that have been applied include gender aspects (Holman1, 2016), risk models (Willis, 2008;Zafar, 2016) agent-based models (N-ABLE, 2006;Tsvetovat & Carley, 2002), game theory (Kunreuther, 2005;Bier et al, 2005), economic input-output models (Haimes et al, 2005;Gordon et al, 2007), probabilistic risk analysis (Rosoff, & von Winterfeldt, 2006;ASME, 2007), operations research approaches, drawing upon queuing theory and decision analysis (Martonosi et al, 2005;Wein et al, 2006), and probabilistic models developed and used in the insurance industry Willis, 2007;Carroll et al, 2005;Doherty et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Author’s Concept of Theoretical Justification Areas of Counter-terrorism. Economical based Logical-mathematical Models

Баженов¹

2017

European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences

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In this article, the authors examine how to use logical and mathematical models (by the example of the balance model and the two-factor Altman's model), to estimate the potential of a terrorist threat that is determined as a complex concept which reflects the state of terror among the various microenvironment and macroenvironment levels. These levels are obtained by extrapolating the existing economic methods for the purposes of theoretical justification of counter-terrorism areas.The article is recommended for social engineers in order to developcounter-terrorism's ways. The purpose of this study is to present the author's concept of identifying areas to prevent the terrorist threat based on the extrapolation of existing economic models. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks were accomplished: 1) present the authors' definition of potential terrorist threats; 2) form balance models of the terrorist threat of the medium micro and macro level; 3) demonstrate the way of using these balance models, where the informational basis is to assess the potential terrorist threat and study areas of counterterrorism. The following general scientific methods of study were used: analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization. And also, specific methods of economic analysis: balance generalization, methods of rating evaluation, methods of complex probability assessment of the insolvency of the study subject. The obtained results can be used by the executive authorities and law enforcement agencies for the purpose of increasing the effectiveness of the fight against terrorism.

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Evaluating the Viability of 100 per cent Container Inspection at America’s Ports

Cited by 67 publications

References 0 publications

Preliminary Monte Carlo simulations of linear accelerators in Time-of-Flight Compton Scatter imaging for cargo security

Preliminary Monte Carlo simulations of linear accelerators in Time-of-Flight Compton Scatter imaging for cargo security

Securing the Containerized Supply Chain: Analysis of Government Incentives for Private Investment

Author’s Concept of Theoretical Justification Areas of Counter-terrorism. Economical based Logical-mathematical Models

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