Evaluating the Utility of Conformal Prediction Sets for AI-Advised Image Labeling

Abstract

As deep neural networks are more commonly deployed in highstakes domains, their black-box nature makes uncertainty quantification challenging. We investigate the effects of presenting conformal prediction sets-a distribution-free class of methods for generating prediction sets with specified coverage-to express uncertainty in AI-advised decision-making. Through a large online experiment, we compare the utility of conformal prediction sets to displays of Top-1 and Top-𝑘 predictions for AI-advised image labeling. In a pre-registered analysis, we find that the utility of prediction sets for accuracy varies with the difficulty of the task: while they result in accuracy on par with or less than Top-1 and Top-𝑘 displays for easy images, prediction sets excel at assisting humans in labeling out-of-distribution (OOD) images, especially when the set size is small. Our results empirically pinpoint practical challenges of conformal prediction sets and provide implications on how to incorporate them for real-world decision-making. CCS CONCEPTS• Human-centered computing → Human computer interaction (HCI); Empirical studies in HCI; Visualization design and evaluation methods; Empirical studies in visualization.