“…For instance, the latter was the case with actions aimed at building new water bodies for breeding amphibians and dragonflies. Securing funding for wildlife conservation has always been challenging ( Iacona et al, 2018 ; Pineda-Vazquez et al, 2019 ), and a failure of already initiated actions, combined with the risk of reduced funding during the coming years ( Corlett et al, 2020 ) raises special concern on the long-term success of many conservation actions in protected areas. Fig.…”
Section: The Bad: Lockdown May Favour the Spread Of Alien Or Problemamentioning
The COVID-19 pandemic zoonosis has determined extensive lockdowns worldwide that provide an unprecedented opportunity to understand how large-scale shifts of human activities can impact wildlife. We addressed the impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on wildlife in Italy, the first European country that performed a countrywide lockdown, and identified potentially beneficial and negative consequences for wildlife conservation and management. We combined a qualitative analysis of social media information with field data from multiple taxa, data from citizen science projects, and questionnaires addressed to managers of protected areas. Both social media information and field data suggest that a reduction of human disturbance allowed wildlife to exploit new habitats and increase daily activity. The field data confirmed some positive effects on wildlife conservation, such as an increase in species richness in temporarily less-disturbed habitats, a higher breeding success of an aerial insectivorous bird, and reduction of road-killing of both amphibians and reptiles. Despite some positive effects, our data also highlighted several negative impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on wildlife. The lower human disturbance linked to lockdown was in fact beneficial for invasive alien species. Results from questionnaires addressed to managers of protected areas highlighted that the COVID-19 lockdown interrupted actions for the control of invasive alien species, and hampered conservation activities targeting threatened taxa. Furthermore, the reduction of enforcement could cause a surge of illegal killing of wildlife. The COVID-19 crisis, besides having deep socio-economic impacts, might profoundly affect wildlife conservation, with potentially long-lasting effects.
“…For instance, the latter was the case with actions aimed at building new water bodies for breeding amphibians and dragonflies. Securing funding for wildlife conservation has always been challenging ( Iacona et al, 2018 ; Pineda-Vazquez et al, 2019 ), and a failure of already initiated actions, combined with the risk of reduced funding during the coming years ( Corlett et al, 2020 ) raises special concern on the long-term success of many conservation actions in protected areas. Fig.…”
Section: The Bad: Lockdown May Favour the Spread Of Alien Or Problemamentioning
The COVID-19 pandemic zoonosis has determined extensive lockdowns worldwide that provide an unprecedented opportunity to understand how large-scale shifts of human activities can impact wildlife. We addressed the impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on wildlife in Italy, the first European country that performed a countrywide lockdown, and identified potentially beneficial and negative consequences for wildlife conservation and management. We combined a qualitative analysis of social media information with field data from multiple taxa, data from citizen science projects, and questionnaires addressed to managers of protected areas. Both social media information and field data suggest that a reduction of human disturbance allowed wildlife to exploit new habitats and increase daily activity. The field data confirmed some positive effects on wildlife conservation, such as an increase in species richness in temporarily less-disturbed habitats, a higher breeding success of an aerial insectivorous bird, and reduction of road-killing of both amphibians and reptiles. Despite some positive effects, our data also highlighted several negative impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on wildlife. The lower human disturbance linked to lockdown was in fact beneficial for invasive alien species. Results from questionnaires addressed to managers of protected areas highlighted that the COVID-19 lockdown interrupted actions for the control of invasive alien species, and hampered conservation activities targeting threatened taxa. Furthermore, the reduction of enforcement could cause a surge of illegal killing of wildlife. The COVID-19 crisis, besides having deep socio-economic impacts, might profoundly affect wildlife conservation, with potentially long-lasting effects.
“…For this group, we selected only males and females with an unrelated kinship relationship (U), and individuals that present a low value of homozygosity ( HL index ≤ 0.4), (2) breeder group for scientific research; the objective of this group was to maintain genetically valuable individuals with the possibility of transfer to the “conservation breeder group”, or translocation to other UMAs to enrich genetic diversity, and to produce individuals for scientific purposes. In this breeder group, we selected males and females with unrelated (U) or half-sibling (HS) kinship relationships and with an HL index ≤ 0.6 and finally, ( 3) breeder group for sustainable uses with an economic purpose, including producing individuals for pets or traditional gastronomy, among others (Pineda-Vázquez et al, 2019). In this group, we included all other individuals.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In Mexico, freshwater turtles have been bred in captivity since the 1970s; but, since 1997, captivity breeding programs have been established at state-sponsored sites such as Management Units for Wildlife Conservation (Pineda-Váquez et al, 2019) (Unidad de Manejo para la Conservación de Vida Silvestre, UMA, by its Spanish acronym; Recino-Reyes et al, 2020). UMAs constitute an important tool for conservation in Mexico-promoting alternative schemes for a rational, orderly, and planned use of wildlife as well as fomenting conservation management (Pineda-Vázquez et al, 2019). By 2017, a total of 11,722 UMAs had been recorded in Mexico, however, only 94 of these are dedicated to the reproduction of freshwater turtles, several of which are in southeastern Mexico (SEMARNAT, 2018; Dirección General de Vida Silvestre & SEMARNAT, 2018).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The principal aims of the UMAs devoted to the captive breeding of D. mawii have been to protect this turtle from over-exploitation and reinforce its wild populations (Pineda-Vázquez et al, 2019). UMAs in Mexico are authorized only for native species and, technical assistance and infrastructure are implemented for their development; technicians are trained, the acquisition of a breeding colony is facilitated, and scientific studies on the species are supported (Avila-Foucat & Pérez-Campuzano, 2015).…”
Management Units for Wildlife Conservation (UMAs according to its Spanish acronym), are used for the ex-situ reproduction of freshwater turtles. These areas, often administered by local communities, are dedicated to conservation and sustainable management. The critically endangered freshwater turtle Dermatemys mawii has been successfully reproduced in several UMAs; however, no genetic management plan has been developed to maintain offspring genetic variability. Therefore, this study aims to determine the kinship relationship and homozygosity through the loci index of founder individuals in three UMAs devoted to the reproduction of D. mawii for the establishment of breeding groups. We collected skin samples of D. mawii in 2017 from 117 founder individuals from three UMAs located in the state of Tabasco, southeast Mexico. Ten specific D. mawii microsatellite markers were used for genotyping the founder individuals. We estimated the pedigree relationship between founders and proposed the formation of three breeding groups to optimize the use of related and non-related individuals to meet UMA-specific objectives and evaluated the genetic diversity retention of the breeding groups. The breeding groups were integrated as follows: 1) conservation breeding group consisting of 16 unrelated females and 7 unrelated males that presented a lower level of homozygosity (< 0.4); 2) research breeding group consisting of 45 females and 16 males that were unrelated or presented a half-sibling relationship and with a medium level of homozygosity (<0.6); and 3) a sustainable breeding group comprising 29 females and 4 males that were not necessarily unrelated and with a high level of homozygosity (> 0.6). Genetic diversity retention (Ho, He) was highest for the conservation breeder group and research breeder group. UMAs can create 3 breeding groups with different objectives: 1) species conservation, 2) research, and 3) sustainable use of species. All breeding groups can retain genetic diversity. Our proposal can enrich conservation actions and sustainable use for D. mawii at both national and international levels, specifically within the Mesoamerican corridor.
“…Este esquema gubernamental inició en 1997, como una forma de regular el aprovechamiento de la flora y fauna silvestres con alguna categoría de riesgo, avalado por la Ley General de la Vida Silvestre. Las UMA se han considerado un instrumento que promueve la conservación a través del comanejo de recursos por parte de grupos usuarios, a través del registro oficial de sus predios para desarrollar proyectos sustentables (Álvarez-Peredo et al, 2018;Pineda-Vázquez et al, 2019).…”
Section: Estudio De Caso: Manejo De Las Palmas Camedor En Méxicounclassified
[Introducción]: Los estudios sobre gestión adaptativa en sistemas socioecológicos reconocen que los recursos naturales (p.ej., bosques) no se encuentran aislados, sino entretejidos en sus ecosistemas con componentes sociales, institucionales, económicos y políticos. Este estudio aborda la gestión adaptativa a partir del aprovechamiento de las palmas camedor (Chamaedorea quezalteca), en la Reserva de la Biosfera La Sepultura (RIBESE), Chiapas, México. El recurso de las palmas camedor es considerado como el producto forestal no maderable (PFNM) más aprovechado por comunidades rurales e indígenas de América Central. La contribución del estudio va más allá de los aspectos ecológicos de la palma, se abordó como un sistema socioecológico (SSE) complejo y dinámico. [Objetivo]: Analizar la gestión de las palmas camedor a través de un análisis del ciclo de renovación adaptativa de los SSE. [Metodología]: Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a actores clave, un taller participativo con productores de palmas, y la aplicación empírica del modelo del ciclo adaptativo propuesto por Holling. [Resultados]: Se identificaron tres etapas representadas por ciclos adaptativos: 1) una explotación no regulada de poblaciones silvestres de palmas (1960-2004); 2) regulación y participación local en el manejo y conservación de las palmas (2005-2014); y 3) cogestión y reorganización comunitaria para el aprovechamiento sustentable de las palmas (2015-2020). [Conclusión]: El proceso evolutivo y adaptativo del SSE ha sido influenciado por los cambios intrínsecos en el desarrollo comunitario y por factores externos, como el mercado internacional de las palmas; políticas públicas; programas de conservación y desarrollo, y la interacción de actores gubernamentales y no gubernamentales.
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