Evaluating the state-of-health of flooded and valve-regulated lead/acid batteries. A comparison of conductance testing with traditional methods

Feder, D.O.; Hlavac, M.J.; Koster, Wim

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(93)90035-y

Cited by 13 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The obtained results vary for the different manufacturers and depend on the frequency and the algorithm of data processing used. It has been established that there is a correlation between the conductance of the cell and its capacity 9,10 which is valid for particular conditions only as the above correlation is influenced by a great number of other parameters. [11][12][13][14] The EIS was applied on minilead dioxide electrodes to study the PCL effect of the positive plate and impedance spectra were determined before and after cycling with fast and slow charge.…”

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Phenomena That Limit the Capacity of the Positive Lead Acid Battery Plates

Pavlov

Petkova

2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This paper is the second part of an investigation whose purpose is to establish the mechanism of the processes that proceed during discharge and cycling of the lead dioxide plate of the lead acid battery (LAB). On the basis of this mechanism some electrical parameters that can show the state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) have to be distinguished. In the first part of this study the shape of the charge potential transient was examined. In this part the electrochemical impedance spectra of a model lead dioxide electrode was investigated in charged and discharged states as well as the changes in impedance spectra during cycling of the electrode with high and low charge currents. It was established that during cycling the values of charge-transfer resistance false(Rnormalctfalse), ion diffusion resistance false(Rnormaldifffalse) in the reaction layer, resistance of the grid/PAM interface false(Rnormalifalse), and ohmic resistance of the electrode false(RnormalΩfalse) change smoothly at first with cycling and after a critical number of cycles have been reached, they start to increase fast. This shows that the electrode is close to the end of its life. The above parameters can be used for the determination of SOH of the positive LAB plate. The discharge processes take place on active centers (ACs) in positive active material (PAM) and interface. A model of the structure of ACs as well as a scheme of the elementary reactions proceeding at discharge in the ACs is proposed. During cycling when the number of ACs in PAM decreases and this one in the interface increases, the capacity of the electrode decreases. On the basis of the changes in the impedance spectra at discharge and charge the changes in equivalent electrical circuit are discussed. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

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Phenomena That Limit the Capacity of the Positive Lead Acid Battery Plates

Pavlov

Petkova

2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Huet et al summarized these methods and rated them as inaccurate and contradictory, basically because impedance information at only one measurement frequency are not sufficient [3]. Contradictory statements were found about the correlation between impedance and capacity loss [4,5]. Dependencies of the impedance on state of charge (SoC), temperature, and current rate [3] further impede the SoH estimation.…”

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Determination of SoH of Lead-Acid Batteries by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Kwiecien

Badeda²,

Huck

et al. 2018

Applied Sciences

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The aging mechanisms of lead-acid batteries change the electrochemical characteristics. For example, sulfation influences the active surface area, and corrosion increases the resistance. Therefore, it is expected that the state of health (SoH) can be reflected through differentiable changes in the impedance of a lead-acid battery. However, for lead-acid batteries, no reliable SoH algorithm is available based on single impedance values or the spectrum. Additionally, the characteristic changes of the spectrum during aging are unknown. In this work, lead-acid test cells were aged under specific cycle regimes known as AK3.4, and periodic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements and capacity tests were conducted. It was examined that single impedance values increased linearly with capacity decay, but with varying slopes depending on the prehistory of the cell and measurement frequency of impedance. Thereby, possible reasons for ineffective SoH estimation were found. The spectra were fitted to an equivalent electrical circuit containing, besides other elements, an ohmic and a charge-transfer resistance of the negative electrode. The linear increase of the ohmic resistance and the charge-transfer resistance were characterized for the performed cyclic aging test. Results from chemical analysis confirmed the expected aging process and the correlation between capacity decay and impedance change. Furthermore, the positive influence of charging on the SoH could be detected via EIS. The results presented here show that SoH estimation using EIS can be a viable technique for lead-acid batteries.

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