“…However, most research on cloze-tests is conducted with adult foreign language learners, who acquired the assessed language in formal instruction settings. The validation of cloze-tests for other types of speakers, such as HL speakers, has been initiated only recently (Drackert & Timukova, 2020; Luchkina, Ionin, Lysenko, Stoops & Suvorkina, 2021). Drackert and Timukova (2020) show that late L2 learners perform better than HL speakers in a cloze-test, mainly because the latter exhibit some deficits in orthographical knowledge (see also Mehlhorn, 2016).…”