Evaluating the Role of Forested Area, Agricultural Land, Energy Consumption and Foreign Direct Investment on Co2 Emissions in Indonesia

Abstract

Environmental concerns have steadily gained attention as the economy has grown more rapidly. This ultimately impedes the growth of a high-quality economy. Several factors, namely forested area, agricultural land, energy consumption and foreign direct investment, have contributed significantly to economic expansion while simultaneously deteriorating the environment in the short and long run. Hence, this study empirically examines the effect of forested area, agricultural land, energy consumption and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in the case of Indonesia from 1990 to 2020 by employing the autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) approach. The results indicate that forested area negatively and significantly impacts CO2 emissions in the short and long run. However, agricultural land, energy consumption and foreign direct investment positively influence CO2 emissions in the long run. Moreover, agricultural land and foreign direct investment demonstrate a negative relationship with CO2 emissions, whereas energy consumption positively affects CO2 emissions in the short run. Thus, the results are insightful for policymakers to develop efficient strategies to reduce carbon emissions and eradicate environmental deterioration in Indonesia.

Exploring Indonesia's CO2 Emissions: The Impact of Agriculture, Economic Growth, Capital and Labor

“…One of the current concerns is that the exploitation of natural resources in Indonesia remains highly dominant [26]. The increase in Indonesia's CO2 emissions is primarily caused by deforestation, with land and forestry being the main contributors [27,28]. Additionally, many land management practices still rely on traditional technology, and there are industries that continue to use fossil fuels [29].…”