“…The ASM1 includes the basic biotransformation processes of an activated sludge WWTP which is used to describe the denitrification process in a WWTP [138]. BSM1, which includes a simulation model, a control strategy, evaluation standards, and test procedures, is useful in testing control strategies [103,139]. Many researchers use the modified model to save energy, reduce cost, and evaluate control strategies [137,140,141].…”