Evaluating the parameters affecting the direct and indirect evaporative cooling systems

Hussain, Imtiyaz; Bibi, Farzana; Bhat, Showkat Ahmad; Sajjad, Uzair; Sultan, Muhammad; Ali, Hafız Muhammad; Azam, Waheed; Kaushal, Sachin Kumar; Hussain, Sajid; Yan, Wei‐Mon

doi:10.1016/j.enganabound.2022.09.016

Cited by 32 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Three different Bayesian surrogate models including the gaussian process (GP), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting regression trees (GBRT) were employed to fine-tune the hyper-parameters. The details about these hyper-parameters tuning procedures can be found in prior works [ 35 , 36 ]. These surrogate models were evaluated for three different cases.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Stress-Strain Relationship of the Additively Manufactured Lattice Structures

Zhang

Bibi²,

Hussain³

et al. 2022

Micromachines

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Extensive amount of research on additively manufactured (AM) lattice structures has been made to develop a generalized model that can interpret how strongly operational variables affect mechanical properties. However, the currently used techniques such as physics models and multi-physics simulations provide a specific interpretation of those qualities, and are not general enough to assess the mechanical properties of AM lattice structures of different topologies produced on different materials via several fabrication methods. To tackle this problem, this study develops an optimal deep learning (DL) model based on more than 4000 data points, which has been optimized by analyzing three different hyper-parameters optimization schemes including gradient boost regression trees (GBRT), gaussian process (GP), and random forest (RF) with different data distribution schemes such as normal distribution, nth root transformation, and robust scaler. With the robust scaler and nth root transformation, the accuracy of the model increases from R2 = 0.85 (for simple distribution) to R2 = 0.94 and R2 = 0.88, respectively. After feature engineering and data correlation, the stress, unit cell size, total height, width, and relative density are chosen to be the input parameters to model the strain. The optimal DL model is able to predict the strain of different topologies of lattices (such as circular, octagonal, Gyroid, truncated cube, Truncated cuboctahedron, Rhombic do-decahedron, and many others) with decent accuracy (R2 = 0.936, MAE = 0.05, and MSE = 0.025). The parametric sensitivity analysis and explainable artificial intelligence (by using DeepSHAP library) based insights confirm that stress is the most sensitive input to the strain followed by the relative density from the modeling perspective of the AM lattices. The findings of this study would be helpful for the industry and the researchers to design AM lattice structures of different topologies for various engineering applications.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Stress-Strain Relationship of the Additively Manufactured Lattice Structures

Zhang

Bibi²,

Hussain³

et al. 2022

Micromachines

Self Cite

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“…The tuebulence model k-ε is adopted to simulate the hydrodynamic characteristics of the undulatory fin, and its transport equation is as follows (Hussain et al 2022;Alqahtani et al 2023):…”

Section: Turbulence Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic Characteristics of an Electric Eel-Like Undulating Fin

2023

JAFM

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Taking the electric eel as a bionic object, a long undulatory fin is designed. The turbulent model standard k-ε is used to solve the N‒S equation of a three-dimensional unsteady incompressible fluid. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the undulatory fin are studied, and the influence of the swing angle, wave frequency and ground effects on the propulsion performance of the undulatory fin are discussed. The mathematical models of the average thrust and average lateral force of the undulatory fin are established by using multiple linear regression. The results show that the thrust and lateral force of the undulatory fin increase with increasing swing angle and swing frequency, but in a motion period, the number of fluctuations of the thrust is approximately twice that of the lateral force. The relationship between the average thrust force and the average lateral force of the undulatory fin and the wave frequency and the maximum swing angle satisfies a specific exponential law. When the undulating fin moves near the wall (d ≤0.2 W), due to the coupling between the vortex at the lower edge and the tail vortex where part of the vortex is transferred to the two sides, the total thrust decreases, and the lateral force increases.

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“…Moreover, these systems are able to cool down the product air without increasing its specific humidity, thus guaranteeing adequate thermohygrometric conditions in the refrigerated environment [3]. For these reasons, IEC systems seem to be ideal for many different applications, such as residential buildings, agricultural storage and livestock air-conditioning, greenhouses, and pharmaceutics [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Analysis of the Effect of Limescale on the Wettability of Indirect Evaporative Cooling System Plates

Caruana,

Marocco,

Liberati

et al. 2024

Fluids

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Indirect evaporative cooling systems have attracted much interest in recent years as they guarantee good cooling effectiveness, with lower energy demand with respect to traditional systems, thus helping to address the issue of climate change. Many studies have shown that an increase in the wettability of recuperator plates results in an improvement in the system performance. However, if the water injected into the system comes from the city water supply, it will contain calcium carbonate residuals, which will form limescale layers on the plates, thus possibly changing their wetting behavior. Therefore, the wettability of three surfaces (an aluminum uncoated surface, AL, a standard epoxy coating, STD, and a hydrophilic lacquer, HPHI) was analyzed in the presence of limescale formations, and compared with that obtained in a previous study for corresponding clean surfaces. The results showed that the HPHI contact angle was reduced in the presence of limescale (median: 50°), that for STD was slightly increased (median: 81°), and that for AL was again reduced (median: 75°). Consequently, HPHI was confirmed to be the most wettable surface in both clean and limescale conditions. Finally, an analysis was undertaken evaluating the spreading factor and the reversible work of adhesion, which were in good agreement with the qualitative visual observations of the plates covered with limescale.

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Evaluating the parameters affecting the direct and indirect evaporative cooling systems

Cited by 32 publications

References 50 publications

Evaluating the Stress-Strain Relationship of the Additively Manufactured Lattice Structures

Evaluating the Stress-Strain Relationship of the Additively Manufactured Lattice Structures

Hydrodynamic Characteristics of an Electric Eel-Like Undulating Fin

Experimental Analysis of the Effect of Limescale on the Wettability of Indirect Evaporative Cooling System Plates

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