Evaluating the Outcomes of Plans: Theory, Practice, and Methodology

Laurian, Lucie; Crawford, Janet; Day, Maxine; Kouwenhoven, Peter; Mason, Greg; Ericksen, Neil J.; Beattie, Lee

doi:10.1068/b35051

Cited by 129 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Social mix is defined as the presence of residents from different backgrounds and income levels in the same neighborhood, and suggested to be achieved by the availability of different housing options in terms of price ranges, tenure type and building types, and the availability of diversity of jobs in the proximity (UN Habitat, 2015). However, as urban planning takes place in open systems with many purposeful parts (i.e., people and organizations pursuing their interests), it is difficult to link planning activities to outcomes in the urban reality (Laurian et al, 2010). Therefore, this study has chosen two highly institutionalized planning systems-in Sweden and Japan-to increase the likelihood that planning has in fact affected the urban reality.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compact Cities Are Complex, Intense and Diverse but: Can We Design Such Emergent Urban Properties?

Lim

Kain

2016

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Compact cities are promoted by global and local policies in response to environmental, economic and social challenges. It is argued that increased density and diversity of urban functions and demographics are expected to deliver positive outcomes. 'Emerged' urban area which have developed incrementally seem to exhibit such dense and diverse characteristics, acquired through adaptation by multiple actors over time and space. Today, 'design-based' planning approaches aim to create the same characteristics here and now. An example of such is the City of Gothenburg, Sweden, which strives to involve multiple actors to 'design' urban density and mixed use, but with unsatisfactory outcomes. There is reason to investigate in what way current planning approaches need modification to better translate policy goals into reality. This paper studied which type of planning approach appears to best deliver the desired urban characteristics. Two cities are studied, Gothenburg and Tokyo. Today, these cities operate under different main planning paradigms. Tokyo applies a rule-based approach and Gothenburg a design-based approach. Five urban areas were studied in each city, representing outcomes of three strategic planning approaches that have been applied historically in both cities: 1) emergent compact urban form; 2) designed dispersed urban form; and 3) designed compact urban form. Planning outcomes in the form of density, building scales and diversity were analysed to understand if such properties of density and diversity are best achieved by a specific planning approach. The results show that different planning approaches deliver very different outcomes when it comes to these qualities. To better support ambitions for compact cities in Gothenburg, the prevailing mix of 'planning by design' and 'planning by developmental control' needs to be complemented by a third planning strategy of 'planning by coding' or 'rule-based planning'. This is critical to capacitate urban planning to accommodate parameters, such as timing, density, building scale diversity, and decentralization of planning and design activities to multiple actors.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compact Cities Are Complex, Intense and Diverse but: Can We Design Such Emergent Urban Properties?

Lim

Kain

2016

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“…Although some scholars do investigate plan conformance, these are centred on outcome conformance (or more specifically on land use change) rather than output conformance (Ahmad Nazri Muhamad Ludin, Mohd Nuruddin Abdul Kadir, & Susilawati Sulaiman, 2009;Alterman, Carmon, & Hill, 1984;Chapin, Deyle, & Baker, 2008;Combe, 2008;Hao, Sliuzas, Zhan, & Geertman, 2009;Laurian et al, 2010;Tarmiji Masron & Ruslan Rainis, 2004). Except for Calkins (1979), who proposes a 'planning monitor' to measure plan output conformance.…”

Section: Plan Output Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the Performance of State Structure Plan in Delivering Output Using Dynamic Model

Abdullah

Zahari

et al. 2016

PMJ

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Plan outputs are the material objects that are tangible and provided as a result of the implementation of a development plan. They often act as precursor to achieving plan outcomes. Therefore, it is important to monitor the performance of plan in delivering its outputs so that the prospect of achieving its outcomes remains high. However, present state structure plan monitoring programmes focus mostly on monitoring land use change and not plan output delivery. The absence of output monitoring reduces the usefulness of the programmes and contributes to under-provision of outputs, especially public facilities and open spaces. This study proposes that state structure plan monitoring programmes must include mechanism to monitor the performance of the plan in delivering plan outputs. To this end, a dynamic model for monitoring performance of state structure plan in delivering open spaces was developed using STELLA software and applied on the Selangor State Structure Plan. The model simulation showed that the Selangor State Structure Plan has performed poorly in delivering the open spaces where their provision has not conform to the plan's targets. The model simulations also show that this nonconformances will remain by the end of the plan's planning period.

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“…Wang, K., Zhang, Y., Jang, C., Phillips, S., and Wang, B., (2008) Planners (2016) Despite its importance, prior studies related to monitoring of plan output conformance is limited. Although some scholars do investigate plan conformance, these are centred on outcome conformance (or more specifically on land use change) rather than output conformance (Ahmad Nazri Muhamad Ludin, Mohd Nuruddin Abdul Kadir, & Susilawati Sulaiman, 2009;Alterman, Carmon, & Hill, 1984;Chapin, Deyle, & Baker, 2008;Combe, 2008;Hao, Sliuzas, Zhan, & Geertman, 2009;Laurian et al, 2010;Tarmiji Masron & Ruslan Rainis, 2004). Except for Calkins (1979), who proposes a 'planning monitor' to measure plan output conformance.…”

Section: Public Motorized Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Special Issue 4 : 2016

Conference¹

2016

PMJ

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Evaluating the Outcomes of Plans: Theory, Practice, and Methodology

Cited by 129 publications

References 41 publications

Compact Cities Are Complex, Intense and Diverse but: Can We Design Such Emergent Urban Properties?

Compact Cities Are Complex, Intense and Diverse but: Can We Design Such Emergent Urban Properties?

Monitoring the Performance of State Structure Plan in Delivering Output Using Dynamic Model

Special Issue 4 : 2016

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