“…As the area where learning predominantly occurs, the environment is influenced by the complex dynamics with other healthcare professionals, clinical teachers, patients and families (Liljedahl, Boman, Fält, & Laksov, 2015;Moos, 1974). Such dynamics, intertwined with the students' learning efficacies (Ramsbotham et al, 2019), contribute to their perceptions of the environment as either positive or negative (Smedley & Morey, 2010). Positive learning experiences have been cited by nursing students to originate from a favourable clinical learning environment: opportunities to participate in ward activities; clinical staffs' and teachers' commitment to maximize learning opportunities; their open communication and cooperation with their students (Lambert & Glacken, 2006;Perli & Brugnolli, 2009;D'Souza et al, 2015;Doyle et al, 2017); and good clinical supervision (Tiwaken, Caranto, & David, 2015).…”