“…Consequently, microstructure and texture formation is non-uniform across the billet. This has been demonstrated by the present author and coworkers 1430) in some ECAP deformed face-centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) metals, and also by models based on visioplasticity, 13,3034) finite element methods (FEM), both in 2-D and 3-D, 13,30,3555) and by slip line theory 56,57) providing evidences of inhomogeneous deformation during ECAP. In general, plastic deformation takes place in the PDZ the shape of which sensitively depends on factors such as die geometry (die angle and corner roundness), processing conditions (contact friction, back pressure (BP), temperature and pressing speed, ECAP route and number of passes) and plastic properties of the material itself.…”